Devşirme

Devşirme^[2] adalah praktik pengambilan anak laki-laki sebagai bentuk pajak dari keluarga Kristen di provinsi-provinsi Eropa dan Asia Minor Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dengan tujuan untuk menyeleksi dan melatih anak yang paling cakap untuk menempati posisi kepemimpinan, baik sebagai anggota Yanisari (pasukan elite Sultan) ataupun sebagai pengurus tinggi Kesultanan.^[3]^[4] Anak-anak tersebut kemudian di-Islamkan,^[5] walaupun di Bosnia devşirme juga berlaku untuk keluarga Muslim.^[6]^[7]

Usia perekrutan yang ideal berkisar antara 7 hingga 10 tahun,^[8] meskipun anak yang lebih muda juga direkrut. Karena anak yang direkrut dapat mencapai posisi Wazir Agung, di Bosnia beberapa orang tua Kristen menyuap petugas untuk mengambil anak mereka.^[9] Namun, sistem devşirme tidak disukai^[10] dan ditolak oleh penduduk lokal.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Dari abad ke-15 sampai akhir abad ke-17, 200–300.000 anak laki-laki direkrut dengan sistem devşirme, yang sebenarnya bertentangan dengan syariat Islam.^[4]^[15]

Catatan kaki

^ Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517.
^ Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah دوشيرمه - pengumpulan, Yunani παιδομάζωμα, Paedomazoma - kumpulan anak-anak; bahasa Armenia: Մանկահավաք, Mankahavak') - pengumpulan anak; Rumania: tribut de sânge; Kroasia: Danak u krvi, Slovenia: Krvni davek, Bosnia dan Serbia: Данак у крви / Danak u krvi, Makedonia: Данок во крв / Danok vo krv, dan Bulgaria: Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak - pajak darah
^ Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.
^ ^a ^b Ágoston, G. & Masters, B. (2009) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Facts on File, pp. 183–185.
^ The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.
^ Perry Anderson. Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366.
^ Zdenko Zlatar. The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581.
^ Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Utsmaniyah egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.
^ Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: Papermac. hlm. 46. ISBN 0-333-66215-6.
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it - which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".
^ Yannaras, Christos, Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic self-identity in the modern age, (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006), 112.
^ Schindler, John R., Unholy terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the rise of global jihad, (Zenith Press, 2007), 23.
^ Bostom, Andrew G. "Jihad Conquests and the Impositions of Dhimmitude - A Survey" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Book, 2005, pp. 41-46.
^ S. Trifkovic. The Sword of the Prophet: Islam; History, Theology, Impact on the World. p. 97
^ Yoel Natan (2006). Moon-o-theism, Volume I of II. Yoel Natan. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-1-4382-9964-8. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2013. From the 15th until the 17th century, between 200,000 and 300,000 boys were taken out to Devsirme....It was at all time clear that Devsirme was contradictory to Muslim law, Sharia.

Pranala luar

"Devsirme" in "Encyclopaedia of the Orient"
Website on the Ottoman empire - original German version; here its Janissary page Diarsipkan 2012-02-05 di Wayback Machine. (to be further exploited)
Papoulia, B.D., Ursprung und Wesen der “knabenlese” im Osmanischen Reich. München, 1963 (in German, title means 'origin and nature of the 'boy harvest' in the Ottoman Empire)

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517.

[2] Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah دوشيرمه - pengumpulan, Yunani παιδομάζωμα, Paedomazoma - kumpulan anak-anak; bahasa Armenia: Մանկահավաք, Mankahavak') - pengumpulan anak; Rumania: tribut de sânge; Kroasia: Danak u krvi, Slovenia: Krvni davek, Bosnia dan Serbia: Данак у крви / Danak u krvi, Makedonia: Данок во крв / Danok vo krv, dan Bulgaria: Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak - pajak darah

[3] Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.

[agoston-4] Ágoston, G. & Masters, B. (2009) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Facts on File, pp. 183–185.

[5] The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.

[6] Perry Anderson. Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366.

[7] Zdenko Zlatar. The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581.

[8] Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Utsmaniyah egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.

[Malcolm_1996_46-9] Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. London: Papermac. hlm. 46. ISBN 0-333-66215-6.

[10] ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it - which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.".

[11] Yannaras, Christos, Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic self-identity in the modern age, (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006), 112.

[12] Schindler, John R., Unholy terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the rise of global jihad, (Zenith Press, 2007), 23.

[13] Bostom, Andrew G. "Jihad Conquests and the Impositions of Dhimmitude - A Survey" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Book, 2005, pp. 41-46.

[14] S. Trifkovic. The Sword of the Prophet: Islam; History, Theology, Impact on the World. p. 97

[Natan2006-15] Yoel Natan (2006). Moon-o-theism, Volume I of II. Yoel Natan. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-1-4382-9964-8. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2013. From the 15th until the 17th century, between 200,000 and 300,000 boys were taken out to Devsirme....It was at all time clear that Devsirme was contradictory to Muslim law, Sharia.

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