Mata Hari

Mata Hari
Mata Hari
	Mata Hari, oleh Léopold-Émile Reutlinger, 1906
Aliansi	Prancis, Jerman
Pelayanan	Deuxième Bureau
Aktif	1916–1917
Nama lahir	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle
Kelahiran	7 Agustus 1876; Leeuwarden, Belanda
Meninggal	15 Oktober 1917 (umur 41); Vincennes, Republik Ketiga Prancis
Penyebab ; kematian	Penghukuman mati dengan regu tembak
Kebangsaan	Belanda
Orangtua	Adam Zelle (ayah) ; Antje van der Meulen (ibu)
Pasangan	Rudolf John MacLeod (m. 1895; c. 1906)
Anak-anak	2
Pekerjaan	Penari eksotis; pelacur; mata-mata;
Tanda tangan

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (nama lahir: Zelle; 7 Agustus 1876 – 15 Oktober 1917), lebih dikenal dengan nama panggung Mata Hari, adalah seorang penari eksotis dan pelacur Belanda yang dihukum karena menjadi mata-mata Jerman selama Perang Dunia I. Banyak orang masih percaya dia tidak bersalah^[1] mereka beranggapan bahwa Tentara Prancis hanya membutuhkan kambing hitam.^[2]^[3] Dia dieksekusi oleh regu tembak di Prancis.^[4]

Kehidupan

Margaretha Zelle dilahirkan di Leeuwarden, Friesland, Belanda,^[5] anak tertua dari pasangan Adam Zelle (2 Oktober 1840 – 13 Maret 1910), pemilik toko topi, dan Antje van der Meulen (21 April 1842 – 9 Mei 1891).^[6] Ia memiliki 3 saudara laki-laki. Ayahnya berhasil melakukan investasi yang sukses dalam bidang perminyakan dan dapat memberikan Margaretha masa kanak-kanak yang mewah,^[7] termasuk sekolah eksklusif sampai usia 13.^[8] Meskipun ada pernyataan tradisional bahwa Mata Hari sebagian orang Jawa, yaitu orang Indonesia, keturunan, para sarjana menyimpulkan bahwa ia tidak memiliki keturunan Asia atau Timur Tengah dan kedua orang tuanya adalah orang Belanda.^[9]

Segera setelah ayah Margaretha bangkrut pada tahun 1889, orangtuanya bercerai, dan kemudian ibunya meninggal pada tahun 1891.^[7]^[8] Ayahnya menikah kembali di Amsterdam pada 9 Februari 1893 dengan Sussana Catharina ten Hoove (11 Maret 1844 - 1 Desember 1913). Akhirnya, Margaretha memutuskan untuk pindah dan hidup bersama walinya, Mr. Visser, di Sneek, Leiden. Di sana, ia belajar untuk menjadi guru taman kanak-kanak, tetapi ketika kepala sekolah mulai menggodanya dengan menyentuhnta, ia dikeluarkan dari taman kanak-kanak oleh ayah baptisnya yang tersinggung.^[7]^[8]^[10]

Ia pernah ditinggal mati anak laki-lakinya akibat keracunan, dan bercerai tahun 1906 dari suaminya, seorang angkatan laut Belanda yang usianya terpaut 20 tahun lebih tua darinya. Sebelumnya ia dan suaminya pernah tinggal di Jawa dan Sumatra antara 1897-1902.^[4]

Kehidupannya yang penuh liku banyak difilmkan dalam berbagai versi. Dari Mata Hari (1931), yang dibintangi oleh Greta Garbo; Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) versi Prancis oleh Jeanne Moreau, sampai film Mata Hari versi ketiga (1985), termasuk film Indonesia berjudul Sang Penari (2007), bintang nasional Prisia Nasution berperan sebagai agen rahasia ini, yang diangkat dari novel dengan judul sama, karya Dukut Imam Widodo.

Mata-mata

Sebelum terjun di dunia spionase, wanita yang memiliki kode rahasia H21 ini mengawali kariernya sebagai penari erotis di Paris. Berbekal keahlian erotic temple dances yang dipelajari di India dan daya pikatnya yang tinggi, dia menjadi terkenal di mana-mana. Tak heran bila kemudian tawaran menari banyak berdatangan dari kota kota besar di Eropa bahkan Mesir. Kondisi inilah yang kemudian menyeretnya dalam dunia spionase. Saat menjadi stripper di Berlin, Agen rahasia Jerman merekrutnya.

Mata Hari kemudian sering berkelana baik antar kota maupun antar negeri. karena terkenal sering bepergian, maka dia tidak punya kesulitan untuk menyusup, termasuk dalam masa Perang Dunia I. Di banyak tempat dia melakukan affair dengan banyak orang penting, juga ditawari sebagai mata-mata Prancis dengan honor 1 juta Frank pada saat itu.

MI5 mulai curiga dengan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh Mata Hari. Agen Rahasia Inggris itu lalu menginterograsinya. Namun mereka tidak bisa memaksa Mata Hari untuk membuka mulut. Berkali-kali interogasi dilakukan, tetapi hasilnya tetap nihil. Sampai akhirnya Agen Rahasia Prancis berhasil menangkap dan menginterogasinya saat dia akan menyeberangi Prancis untuk mengunjungi salah satu affairnya. Agen Rahasia Prancis menangkap Mata Hari karena diyakini dialah "The Greatest Woman Spy" yang mesti bertanggung jawab atas kematian beribu-ribu tentara akibat informasi yang diberikannya. Dia lalu diadili di pengadilan perang dan dieksekusi di hadapan regu tembak pada tanggal 15 Oktober 1917. Meskipun demikian, banyak yang mempermasalahkan eksekusi yang dilakukan oleh Mata hari. Statusnya antara double agent dengan orang bersalah masih dipertanyakan. Namun dia layak dimasukkan ke dalam catatan sejarah.

Daftar Film tentang Mata Hari

Mata Hari (1931)
Mata Hari (1985, Sylvia Kristel)
Mata-Hari (1964)(versi judul lain: "Mata-Hari, agente segreto H21")
Mata Hari, la vraie histoire (2003) (TV)
Fall Mata Hari, Der (1966) (TV)
Mata Hari (1978)
Mata Hari (1920)
Mata Hari, die rote Tänzerin (1927) (versi judul lain: "Mata Hari" atau "Mata Hari: the Red Dancer")
Caméra explore le temps: Mata Hari, La (1964) (TV)
Mata Hari, mythe et réalité d'une espionne (1998)
Operación Mata Hari (1968) (versi judul lain: "Operation Mata Hari")
"Dossier Mata Hari" (1967) (miniseri TV)
Yo no soy la Mata-Hari (1949) (versi judul lain:"I'm Not Mata Hari")

Daftar Novel tentang Mata Hari

Namaku Mata Hari (Remy Sylado)
Sang Penari (Dukut Imam Widodo)
De Moord op Matahari (S. Wagenaar)
Matahari Courtesan and Spy (Majoor Coulson)
Matahari (J.C. Brokken)
The Fatal Lover (Juli Wheelwright)
The Spy (Paulo Coelho)

Referensi

^ Goldsmith, Belinda (7 August 2007). "Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer". Reuters. “But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,” Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, told Reuters. “When she was arrested the war was going very badly for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. There was a lot of resentment against her.” Shipman said Mata Hari’s standing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable women in Europe. “This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn’t be clandestine and sneak around. She couldn’t help but attract attention,” said Shipman, whose book Femme Fatale: Love, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari (ISBN 978-0297856276) has just been released.
^ "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All". National Geographic. 12 November 2017. In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, disease, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the arrest of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war effort.
^ Howe, Russel Warren (1986). Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. x–xi, 285.
^ ^a ^b "Mata Hari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2007. The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin, Captain Rudolph MacLeod, in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "eye of the day"). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.
^ Her birth house, at Kelders 33, survived a big fire that destroyed the three houses immediately next to it on 19 October 2013.^{[butuh rujukan]}
^ Ancestors of Margaretha Geertruida ZELLE Diarsipkan 2017-07-13 di Wayback Machine.. www.praamsma.org
^ ^a ^b ^c Jennifer Rosenberg Mata Hari Diarsipkan 2011-06-10 di Wayback Machine.. About.com
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mata Hari". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 September 2010. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-05. . World of Biography
^ Cohen, M. (27 October 2010). Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952. Springer. ISBN 9780230309005. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Denise Noe Mata Hari Diarsipkan 9 February 2015 di Wayback Machine.. Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

Pranala luar

Crime Library criminal minds and methods Diarsipkan 2005-03-06 di Wayback Machine.

[1] Goldsmith, Belinda (7 August 2007). "Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer". Reuters. “But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,” Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, told Reuters. “When she was arrested the war was going very badly for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. There was a lot of resentment against her.” Shipman said Mata Hari’s standing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable women in Europe. “This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn’t be clandestine and sneak around. She couldn’t help but attract attention,” said Shipman, whose book Femme Fatale: Love, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari (ISBN 978-0297856276) has just been released.

[2] "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All". National Geographic. 12 November 2017. In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, disease, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the arrest of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war effort.

[Howe,_Russel_Warren_1986-3] Howe, Russel Warren (1986). Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. x–xi, 285.

[eb-4] "Mata Hari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2007. The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin, Captain Rudolph MacLeod, in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "eye of the day"). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.

[5] Her birth house, at Kelders 33, survived a big fire that destroyed the three houses immediately next to it on 19 October 2013.^{[butuh rujukan]}

[6] Ancestors of Margaretha Geertruida ZELLE Diarsipkan 2017-07-13 di Wayback Machine.. www.praamsma.org

[about-7] Jennifer Rosenberg Mata Hari Diarsipkan 2011-06-10 di Wayback Machine.. About.com

[world-8] "Mata Hari". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 September 2010. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-05. . World of Biography

[9] Cohen, M. (27 October 2010). Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952. Springer. ISBN 9780230309005. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.

[Mata_Hari-10] Denise Noe Mata Hari Diarsipkan 9 February 2015 di Wayback Machine.. Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

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