Pindah agama paksa

Perpindahan agama paksa adalah adopsi agama berbeda atau menjadi tak beragama di bawah tekanan. Peninggalan paksa terhadap agama disebut sebagai "perpindahan ke ateisme". Orang-orang yang mengalami demikian dapat akan memeluk agama baru mereka atau menjadi tak beragama, atau masih melanjutkan keyakinan atau praktik aslinya yang dipegang secara diam-diam, meskipun tampil sebagai orang-orang yang berpindah agama. kripto-Yahudi, kripto-Kristen, kripto-Muslim dan kripto-Pagan adalah contoh bersejarahnya.

Kristen

Agama Kristen merupakan agama minoritas pada sebagian besar masa Kekaisaran Romawi, dan gereja perdana dianiaya pada masa itu. Saat Konstantinus I berpindah ke agama Kristen, agama tersebut menjadi agama dominan di Kekaisaran Romawi. Di bawah masa pemerintahan Konstantinus I, bida'ah-bida'ah Kristen dianiaya; bermula pada akhir abad ke-4, agama-agama pagan kuno juga aktif ditekan. Dalam pandangan beberapa sejarawan, peralihan Konstantinian mengubah agama Kristen dari agama teraniaya menjadi agama yang terbebas dari penganiayaan dan bahkan melakukan penganiayaan.^[1] Terdapat sejumlah contoh perpindahan agama paksa sepanjang sejarah Kekristenan: pada Kekaisaran Romawi, Abad Pertengahan, inkuisisi di Spanyol dan Goa dan kampanye-kampanye oleh para penguasa Rusia.

Islam

Meskipun Islam secara jelas melarang perpindahan agama paksa,^[2]^[3]^[4] peristiwa-peristiwa perpindahan agama paksa tercatat dalam sejarah Islam. Para sejarawan menyebut peristiwa semacam itu sebagai "hal langka"^[5] atau "berpengecualian".^[2] Dalam teorinya, toleransi keagamaan Islam hanya ditujukan kepada monoteistik "Ahli Kitab", dan kaum pagan menghadapi pilihan antara pindah ke agama Islam dan menghadapi kematian.^[6] Pada praktiknya, rancangan ini dan status dhimma ditujukan kepada agama-agama non-monoteistik dari orang-orang yang ditaklukkan, seperti Hindu.^[6]

Pada masa sekarang, perpindahan agama paksa diancam atau dilakukan dalam konteks perang, pemberontakan dan kekerasan antar-komunal. Kasus-kasus yang berdampak pada ribuan orang dikabarkan terjadi pada masa Pemisahan India, Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh, di kawasan-kawasan yang dikuasai oleh ISIS, dan di Pakistan. Tuduhan-tuduhan yang dipersengketakan dari perpindahan agama paksa dari wanita muda menimbulkan kontroversi publik di Mesir dan Inggris.

Referensi

^ see e.g. John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration on Protestant England 1558–1689, 2000, p.22
^ ^a ^b Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. hlm. 89–90. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between “Islam and the Sword”. Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
^ Winter, T. J., & Williams, J. A. (2002). Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. Quote: The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.
^ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). "3. The Fragile Truth Of Scripture". Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. hlm. 92. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. ‘No compulsion in religion’ (2:256) was a Qur'anic command revealed in Medina when a child from one of the Muslim families who had been educated in the town's Jewish schools decided to depart with the Jewish tribe being expelled from Medina. His distraught parents were told by God and the Prophet in this verse that they could not compel their son to stay. The verse, however, has been understood over the centuries as a general command that people cannot be forced to convert to Islam.
^ Waines (2003) "An Introduction to Islam" Cambridge University Press. p. 53
^ ^a ^b Wael B. Hallaq (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). hlm. 327.

[1] see e.g. John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration on Protestant England 1558–1689, 2000, p.22

[bonner-2] Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. hlm. 89–90. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between “Islam and the Sword”. Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.

[3] Winter, T. J., & Williams, J. A. (2002). Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. Quote: The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.

[:0-4] A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). "3. The Fragile Truth Of Scripture". Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. hlm. 92. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. ‘No compulsion in religion’ (2:256) was a Qur'anic command revealed in Medina when a child from one of the Muslim families who had been educated in the town's Jewish schools decided to depart with the Jewish tribe being expelled from Medina. His distraught parents were told by God and the Prophet in this verse that they could not compel their son to stay. The verse, however, has been understood over the centuries as a general command that people cannot be forced to convert to Islam.

[W53-5] Waines (2003) "An Introduction to Islam" Cambridge University Press. p. 53

[hallaq-6] Wael B. Hallaq (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). hlm. 327.

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