Literatur Rabinik
Literatur rabinik (‘’’Sastra rabinik’’’), dalam arti luas, dapat berarti keseluruhan tulisan rabinik dalam sejarah Yudaisme atau kepercayaan Yahudi. Namun, istilah ini sering kali secara khusus merujuk kepada literatur dari era Talmudik, tidak termasuk tulisan rabinik abad pertengahan maupun modern, dan karenanya sesuai dengan istilah bahasa Ibrani Sifrut Hazal (ספרות חז"ל; "Literatur orang bijak [kami yang] terpuji kenangannya," di mana Hazal biasanya merujuk hanya kepada orang bijak dari era Talmudik). Ini merupakan makna khusus "Literatur Rabinik"—merujuk kepada Talmudim, Midrash (bahasa Ibrani: מדרש);, dan tulisan-tulisan terkait, tetapi jarang meliputi teks-teks kemudian—biasanya memang dimaksudkan dalam penulisan akademik kontemporer. Sebaliknya, istilah-istilah meforshim dan parshanim (komentari/komentator) hampir selalu merujuk kepada yang kemudian, yaitu penulis-penulis pasca-Talmudik yang membahas teks-teks Alkitab dan Talmudik.
Di sini dibahas kedua makna literatur rabinik, mulai dari literatur rabinik klasik dari era Talmudik (Sifrut Hazal), kemudian ditambah survei luas tulisan-tulisan rabinik dari periode-periode kemudian.
Literatur Mishnaik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Mishnah dan Tosefta (kumpulan materi sebelum tahun 200) merupakan karya-karya tertua literatur rabinik yang terlestarikan, menjabarkan dan mengembangkan Hukum Taurat Lisan serta ajaran-ajaran etika. Dari sini muncul dua jenis Talmud:
- Talmud Yerusalem, ~ 450 M
- Talmud Babilonia, ~ 600 M
Ada pula "traktat-traktat minor" yang merupakan bagian dari Talmud Babilonia
Meforshim
[sunting | sunting sumber]Meforshim adalah kata bahasa Ibrani yang berarti "komentator-komentator (rabinik klasik)" (atau arti kasarnya "eksegetes"), dan digunakan sebagai pengganti kata yang tepat perushim yang berarti "komentari-komentari" (tafsir-tafsir). Dalam Yudaisme istilah ini merujuk kepada komentari-komentari mengenai Taurat (kelima kitab Musa), Tanakh, Mishnah, Talmud, responsa, bahkan siddur (kitab doa Yahudi), dan lain-lain.
Komentari Taurat dan Talmud klasik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Komentari Taurat dan/atau Talmud klasik telah ditulis oleh tokoh-tokoh berikut:
- Geonim
- Saadia Gaon, 10th century Babylon
- Rishonim
- Rashi (Shlomo Yitzchaki), 12th century France
- Abraham ibn Ezra
- Nahmanides (Moshe ben Nahman)
- Samuel ben Meir, the Rashbam, 12th century France
- Rabbi Levi ben Gershom (known as Ralbag or Gersonides)
- David ben Joseph Kimhi, the Radak, 13th century France
- Joseph ben Isaac, also known as the Bekhor Shor, 12th century France
- Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi, the RaN, 14th century Spain
- Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437–1508)
- Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno, 16th century Italy
- Acharonim
- The Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 18th century Lithuania
- The Malbim, Meir Lob ben Jehiel Michael
Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi the Tosafot were written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France.
Komentari Taurat Modern
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berbagai komentari Taurat modern yang mendapat pengakuan umum di kalangan komunitas Yahudi termasuk:
- Haemek Davar karya Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
- The Chofetz Chaim
- Torah Temimah dari Baruch ha-Levi Epstein
- Kerem HaTzvi, karya Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Ferber
- Sefat Emet (Lips of Truth), Yehudah Aryeh Leib of Ger, 19th century Europe
- The "Pentateuch and Haftaras" karya Joseph H. Hertz
- Uebersetzung und Erklärung des Pentateuchs ("Translation and Commentary of the Pentateuch") karya Samson Raphael Hirsch
- Nechama Leibowitz, a noted woman scholar
- HaTorah vehaMitzva ("The Torah and the Commandment") karya Meïr Leibush, the "Malbim"
- Ha-Ketav veha-Kabbalah karya Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg
- "Soncino Books of the Bible"
Komentari Siddur Modern
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berbagai komentari Siddur modern telah ditulis oleh:
- Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan HaCohen, The Chofetz Chaim's Siddur
- Samson Raphael Hirsch, The Hirsch Siddur, Feldheim
- Abraham Isaac Kook, Olat Reyia
- The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by Joseph H. Hertz
- Elie Munk, The World of Prayer, Elie Munk
- Nosson Scherman, The Artscroll Siddur, Mesorah Publications
- Jonathan Sacks, in The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth (the new version of "Singer's Prayer Book") sebagaimana pula Koren Sacks Siddur.
- Reuven Hammer, Or Hadash, suatu komentari siddur yang ditulis di sekitar teks Siddur Sim Shalom, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
- My Peoples Prayer Book, Jewish Lights Publishing, ditulis oleh suatu tim rabi non-Ortodoks dan sarjana Talmud.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Jewish commentaries on the Bible
- List of Jewish Prayers and Blessings
- List of rabbis
- Moses in rabbinic literature
- Simeon in rabbinic literature
- Oral Torah
- Yudaisme Rabinik
- The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf
- Torah databases (electronic versions of traditional Jewish texts)
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts, Barry W. Holtz, (Summit Books)
- Introduction to Rabbinic Literature Jacob Neusner, (Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday)
- Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger, (Fortress Press)
- The Literature of the Sages: Oral Torah, Halakha, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates, Shemuel Safrai and Peter J. Tomson (Fortress, 1987)
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Umum
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Sebuah survey literatur rabinik
- Suatu garis waktu teks-teks Yahudi Diarsipkan 2005-03-12 di Wayback Machine.
- Comprehensive listing by category - Global Jewish Database Diarsipkan 2007-03-11 di Wayback Machine.
- Judaica archival project Diarsipkan 2005-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Chapters On Jewish Literature
- Online Resources for the Study of Rabbinic Literature
Sumber teks lengkap
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Mechon Mamre
- Sages of Ashkenaz Database
- Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute
- The Electronic Torah Warehouse
- hebrewbooks.org Diarsipkan 2006-02-06 di Wayback Machine.
- seforimonline.org Diarsipkan 2009-08-31 di Wayback Machine.
- Primary Sources @ Ben Gurion University Diarsipkan 2011-05-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Young Israel library Diarsipkan 2013-03-14 di Wayback Machine.
Kamus
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Kamus Yudaisme
- Sources@JTS Diarsipkan 2006-01-31 di Wayback Machine.
- Kamus/Bibliografi Diarsipkan 2012-07-16 di Wayback Machine.
Literatur Rabinik |
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Literatur Talmudik |
Midrash halakha |
Midrash Aggadah |
—— Tannaitik ——
—— 400–600 ——
—— 650–900 ——
—— 900–1000 ——
—— 1000–1200 —— —— Later —— |
Targum Rabinik |
—— Taurat ——
—— Nevi'im —— —— Ketuvim ——
|