Badan penegak hukum federal di Amerika Serikat

Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memberdayakan berbagai lembaga penegak hukum federal untuk menegakan hukum dan menjaga ketertiban terkait bidang-bidang yang dibebani kepada masing-masing agensi atau lembaga penegak hukum federal.

Penegak hukum federal memiliki hak dan kedudukan yang sama dengan kepolisian setempat, yakni hak untuk menginvestigasi, menindak, dan menangkap^[1]. Walaupun kedudukan petugas kepolisian dan agen federal sama, kedua-duanya terkadang berlomba-lomba untuk memecahkan kasus. Namun pada beberapa perkara, mereka terlibat dalam satu kasus dan bersama-sama menangani kasus tersebut.^[2]^[3]

Mayoritas lembaga kepolisian federal bekerja dibawah kepengawasan Kementerian Kehakiman AS, terdapat pula puluhan lainnya bekerja di bawah departemen eksekutif seperti lembaga legislatif dan yudikatif pemerintah AS.

Kementerian Kehakiman AS (Department of Justice) masih menjadi badan penegak hukum dengan jumlah lembaga kepolisian federal terbanyak dan paling dikenal di antara banyak lembaga federal lainnya dari kementerian yang berbeda. Lembaga-lembaga kepolisian federal yang bekerja di bawah Departemen Kehakiman telah menangani sebagian besar tugas penegakan hukum di tingkat federal sejak dahulu, seperti United States Marshals Service (USMS), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), dan lain-lain.^[4]

Namun, Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat (Department of Homeland Security) menjadi kementerian dengan petugas dan agen penegak hukum federal yang paling dipersenjatai. Setiap agen disumpah untuk menjadi agen federal.

Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat memiliki lembaga kepolisian federal yang menangani isu sosial, pidana serius, kejadian terorisme, serta ancaman kepada negara baik secara terang-terangan atau sembunyi-sembunyi, lembaga-lembaga besar tersebut seperti US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), US Secret Service (USSS), US Coast Guard (USCG), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), dan US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).^[2]

Sejarah

Penegak hukum federal di Amerika Serikat berusia lebih dari dua ratus tahun. Misalnya, Postal Inspection Service atau Layanan Inspeksi Pos sejak tahun 1772.^[5] Sedangkan US Marshals Service atau Marshal AS didirikan sejak tahun 1789.^[6]

Lembaga-lembaga terkenal lain, seperti FBI relatif baru, didirikan pada awal abad kedua puluh. Badan-badan lain telah direformasi, seperti ATF yang diresmikan kembali pada tahun 1972, yang sebelumnya pernah beroperasi pada tahun 1886.

Daftar lembaga dan agensi federal

Kepengawasan Lembaga Eksekutif

Kementerian Agrikultur

Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
- Protective Operations Division (POD)^[7]
Office of Inspector General (USDA-OIG)
United States Forest Service (USFS)
- U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigations (USFS LEI)

Kementerian Perdagangan

Office of Inspector General (DOC-OIG)
Office of Security (DOC OS)
- US Commerce Department Police
Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
- Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Police
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
  - Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)

Kementerian Pertahanan

Office of Inspector General (DOD-OIG)
- Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
- United States Pentagon Police (USPPD)
Department of Defense Police (DOD Police) ("DOD Police" refers to any civilian engaged in police duties for the DOD and the US Armed Forces).
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
- Defense Logistics Agency Police
National Security Agency (NSA)
- National Security Agency Police
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
- Defense Intelligence Agency Police
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Police
Angkatan Darat
- United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID)
- United States Army Counterintelligence (ACI)
- United States Army Military Police Corps (USAMPC)
- Department of the Army Civilian Police (DACP)
  - includes Department of the Army Civilian Guards (DASG) United States Army Corrections Command (USACC)
Angkatan Laut
- Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
- United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID)
- Master-at-arms (military police)
- Department of the Navy Police (civilian police)
- United States Marine Corps Military Police
- United States Marine Corps Civilian Police
Angkatan Udara
- United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
- Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC)
- United States Air Force Security Forces (military police)
- Department of the Air Force Police (civilian police)

Kementerian Pendidikan

Office of Inspector General (ED-OIG)
Protective Service Division (ED-PSD)
Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

Kementerian Sumber Daya Alam

Office of Inspector General (DOE-OIG)
Office of Health, Safety and Security (DOE-HSS)
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- Office of Secure Transportation (OST)
- Federal Protective Forces

Kementerian Kesehatan dan Layanan Masyarakat

Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG)
United States Food and Drug Administration (HHSFDA)
- Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- National Institutes of Health Police

Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri

Office of Inspector General (DHS-OIG)
Federal Protective Service (FPS)
Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC)
- Office of the Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
United States Coast Guard (USCG)
- Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
- United States Coast Guard Police (CGPD)
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
- United States Border Patrol (USBP)
- CBP Air and Marine Operations (AMO)
- CBP Office of Field Operations (OFO)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center
  - Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center Police
- Office of Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
- Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
- Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO)
- Office of Intelligence
- Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
United States Secret Service (USSS)
- United States Secret Service Uniformed Division (USSS UD)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
- Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)/Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
  - Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO)
- Office of Inspection (OI)
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
- Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate (FDNS)

Kementerian Perumahan dan Pembangunan Sipil

Office of Inspector General (HUD-OIG)
Protective Service Division (HUD-PSD)

Kementerian Dalam Negeri

Office of Inspector General (DOI-OIG)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Office of Justice Services
- Bureau of Indian Affairs Police
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
- Office of Law Enforcement
United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
- Security Response Force (SRF)
National Park Service (NPS)
- U.S. Park Ranger
- United States Park Police
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
- Office of Law Enforcement (FWS OLE)
- Division of Refuge Law Enforcement

Kementerian Kehakiman

Office of the Inspector General (DOJ-OIG)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- FBI Police
- FBI Academy
Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
United States Marshals Service (USMS)
Office of Professional Responsibility (DOJ OPR)

Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan

Office of Inspector General (DOL-OIG)

Kementerian Luar Negeri

Office of Inspector General (DOS-OIG)
Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
- Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)

Kementerian Transportasi

Office of Inspector General (DOT-OIG)
United States Merchant Marine Academy
- Department of Public Safety (USMMADPS)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- Office of Odometer Fraud Investigation (OFI)

Kementerian Keuangan Negara

Office of Inspector General (USDT-OIG)
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
- Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
- Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI)
United States Mint Police (USMP)
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery (SIGPR)^[8]
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP)

Kementerian Urusan Veteran

Office of Inspector General (VA-OIG)
Veterans Affairs Police

Kepengawasan Lembaga Legislatif

Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
United States Capitol Police (USCP)
- Office of Inspector General (USCP OIG)
- Office of Professional Responsibility (USCP OPR)

Kepengawasan Lembaga Yudisial

Marshal of the United States Supreme Court
- United States Supreme Court Police
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
- Office of Probation and Pretrial Services (Federal Probation Officers)

Lain-lain

Independent Agencies and federally-administered institutions;

Central Intelligence Agency
- Security Protective Service (CIA SPS)
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Office of Inspector General (EPA-OIG)
- Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
  - Criminal Investigation Division
National Gallery of Art
- Office of Protection Services
NASA
- Office of Inspector General (NASA-OIG)
- Office of Protective Services (NASA OPS)
United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
- Office of Inspector General (OPM OIG)
United States Postal Service (USPS)
- Office of Inspector General (USPS-OIG)
- United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
  - U.S. Postal Police
Smithsonian Institution (SI)
- Office of Inspector General (SI-OIG)
- Office of Protection Services
- National Zoological Park Police (NZPP)
Amtrak
- Office of Inspector General (Amtrak-OIG)
- Office of Security Strategy and Special Operations (OSSSO)
- Amtrak Police Department
Federal Reserve System
- Office of Inspector General (FRB/CFPB-OIG)
- Federal Reserve Police
- Federal Reserve Board of Governors
  - Federal Reserve Board Police
Tennessee Valley Authority
- Office of Inspector General (TVA-OIG)
- Tennessee Valley Authority Police (TVAP)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
- Office of Inspector General (NRC-OIG)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Office of Inspector General (NSF-OIG)
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
- Office of Inspector General (NARA-OIG)
Peace Corps (PC)
- Office of Inspector General (PC-OIG)
Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
- Office of Inspector General (RRB-OIG)
Small Business Administration (SBA)
- Office of Inspector General (SBA-OIG)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- Office of Inspector General (FDIC-OIG)
General Services Administration (GSA)
- Office of Inspector General (GSA-OIG)
Social Security Administration (SSA)
- Office of Inspector General (SSA-OIG)
United States Agency for International Development
- Office of Inspector General (AID-OIG)
Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS)
- Office of Inspector General (CNCS-OIG)

Galeri

Seorang agen US Forest Service memberikan surat peringatan
Beberapa agen Defense Criminal Investigative Service sedang berlatih di lapangan tembak FLETC
Beberapa agen US Pentagon sedang berdiskusi di depan SD Hugh Mercer
Beberapa agen Naval Criminal Investigative Service dalam simulasi pertarungan jarak dekat
Beberapa agen Air Force Office of Special Investigations tengah berjaga di pangkalan militer udara AS

Dua agen National Nuclear Security Administration sedang mendemonstrasikan penyelamatan bencana nuklir
Beberapa agen US Custom membagikan pulpen gratis pada tenda rekrutmen
Beberapa agen U.S. Customs and Border Protection melakukan inspeksi peti kemas
Beberapa agen US Immigration and Customs Enforcement meringkus seorang tersangka
Tiga agen US Secret Service berseragam formal melindungi iringan mobil presiden

Seorang agen US Fish and Wildlife Service mengenakan seragam investigasi lapangan
Sekelompok agen US Marshal berdiskusi dalam sebuah pencarian orang
Lima agen US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives dalam sebuah kasus penembakan di Minneapolis
Dua orang agen Federal Bureau of Investigation sedang mememeriksa tempat kejadian perkara
Seorang agen US Diplomatic Security Service melindungi seorang tamu diplomatik

Beberapa agen US Capitol Police berbicara dengan Cliff Bentz
Tampak dua orang agen US Agency for International Development mengevakuasi korban gempa di Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Salah seorang agen US Agency for International Development bersama dengan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat di Nangaresh, Afghanistan
Seorang agen US Marshal berinteraksi dengan warga sipil di jalanan Syracuse, New York
Petugas kepolisian sering kali bekerja sama dengan agen federal untuk mengungkap kasus

Statistik

Pada tahun 2004, keseluruhan lembaga federal mempekerjakan sekitar 105.000 personel penuh waktu yang berwenang untuk melakukan penangkapan dan membawa senjata api di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia. Dibandingkan dengan tahun 2002, personil tersebut meningkat sebesar 13%.
Secara nasional, data menunjukan terdapat 36 petugas federal per 100.000 penduduk. Di luar Distrik Columbia, yang memiliki 1.662 per 100.000, rasio negara bagian berkisar dari 90 per 100.000 di Arizona hingga 7 per 100.000 di Iowa.
Pada tahun 2004, sekitar 3 dari 4 petugas penegak hukum federal non-militer dipekerjakan di dalam Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri atau Kementerian Kehakiman.
Tugas dan kegiatan agen federal termasuk penyelidikan kriminal (38%), respon polisi dan patroli (21%), koreksi dan penahanan (16%), inspeksi (16%), operasi pengadilan (5%), dan keamanan dan perlindungan (4%) .
Agen dan penyidik perempuan mengisi populasi sebesar 16% dari total kepolisian federal pada tahun 2004, meningkat dari 14,8% pada tahun 2002.
Sepertiga (33,2%) petugas federal adalah anggota ras atau etnis minoritas pada tahun 2004. Ini termasuk 17,7% yang Hispanik atau Latin, dan 11,4% yang berkulit hitam atau Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 2002, petugas ras atau etnis minoritas terdiri dari 32,4% petugas federal.
Dua puluh tujuh kantor federal inspektur jenderal (IG) mempekerjakan penyelidik kriminal dengan otoritas penangkapan dan senjata api pada tahun 2004. Secara keseluruhan, badan-badan ini mempekerjakan 2.867 petugas semacam itu di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia.^[1]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov Diarsipkan 2013-02-15 di Wayback Machine. Federal Law Enforcement United States Bureau of Justice Statistics Publications & Products. Page last revised on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
^ ^a ^b "CBP Through the Years - U.S. Customs and Border Protection".
^ Hatcher, Jeanette. "LibGuides: Criminal Justice: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies".
^ Langeluttig, Albert (1927). The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. hlm. 9–14.
^ "History of the United States Postal Inspection Service". Diakses tanggal 2020-02-06.
^ "U.S. Marshals Service".
^ "Protective Operations Division" (dalam bahasa Inggris).
^ https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11328 Diarsipkan 2020-05-12 di Wayback Machine. ^{[URL PDF mentah]}

[:12-1] s.ojp.usdoj.gov Diarsipkan 2013-02-15 di Wayback Machine. Federal Law Enforcement United States Bureau of Justice Statistics Publications & Products. Page last revised on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-17.

[:02-2] "CBP Through the Years - U.S. Customs and Border Protection".

[3] Hatcher, Jeanette. "LibGuides: Criminal Justice: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies".

[langeluttig-p9-4] Langeluttig, Albert (1927). The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. hlm. 9–14.

[5] "History of the United States Postal Inspection Service". Diakses tanggal 2020-02-06.

[6] "U.S. Marshals Service".

[7] "Protective Operations Division" (dalam bahasa Inggris).

[8] ttps://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11328 Diarsipkan 2020-05-12 di Wayback Machine. ^{[URL PDF mentah]}

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