Bahasa Pirahã
Pirahã (juga dieja Pirahá, Pirahán) atau Múra-Pirahã adalah bahasa yang dituturkan oleh suku Pirahã yang tinggal di negara bagian Amazonas, Brasil. Suku Pirahã tinggal di sepanjang Sungai Maici, yang merupakan anak sungai Amazon.
Pirahã adalah satu-satunya dialek bahasa Mura yang masih bertahan; dialek-dialek lain telah punah karena sebagian besar suku Mura beralih menggunakan bahasa Portugis. Bahasa Matanawi yang diduga berkerabat juga telah punah. Akibatnya, bahasa Pirahã adalah bahasa yang terisolasi, atau dalam kata lain tidak memiliki kekerabatan dengan bahasa lain yang masih hidup. Bahasa ini diperkirakan dituturkan oleh sekitar 250 hingga 380 penutur.[1] Bahasa ini tidak terancam punah karena penggunaannya masih kuat dan sebagian besar suku Pirahã hanya dapat menuturkan satu bahasa.
Bahasa Pirahã telah digunakan sebagai bukti untuk mendukung klaim-klaim yang kontroversial;[1] misalnya, bahasa ini dianggap sebagai bukti relativitas bahasa.[7] Kontroversi ini diperparah oleh kesulitan mempelajari bahasa ini dan jumlah ahli bahasa Pirahã yang sedikit.
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Nevins, Andrew, David Pesetsky and Cilene Rodrigues (2009). "Piraha Exceptionality: a Reassessment", Language, 85.2, 355–404. ( Diarsipkan 2013-05-22 di Wayback Machine.)
- ^ http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1843.html.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Pirahã". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Pirahã". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Michael C. Frank, Daniel L. Everett, Evelina Fedorenko and Edward Gibson (2008), Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition Diarsipkan 2013-01-04 di Archive.is. Cognition, Volume 108, Issue 3, September 2008, pp. 819–824.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Dixon, R. M. W. and Alexandra Aikhenvald, eds., (1999) The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press.
- Everett, D. L. (1992) A Língua Pirahã e a Teoria da Sintaxe: Descrição, Perspectivas e Teoria (The Pirahã Language and Syntactic Theory: Description, Perspectives and Theory). Ph.D. thesis. (in Portuguese). Editora Unicamp, 400 pages; ISBN 85-268-0082-5.
- Everett, Daniel, (1986) "Piraha". In the Handbook of Amazonian Languages, vol I. Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds). Mouton de Gruyter.
- Everett, Daniel (1988) On Metrical Constituent Structure in Piraha Phonology. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 6: 207–246
- Everett, Daniel and Keren Everett (1984) On the Relevance of Syllable Onsets to Stress Placement. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 705–711
- Everett, Daniel 2005. Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language. Current Anthropology 46:621–646
- Keren Everett (1998) Acoustic Correlates of Stress in Pirahã. The Journal of Amazonian Languages: 104–162. (Published version of University of Pittsburgh M.A. thesis.)
- Nevins, Andrew, David Pesetsky and Cilene Rodrigues (2009) "Piraha Exceptionality: a Reassessment" Diarsipkan 2011-06-04 di Wayback Machine., Language, 85.2, 355–404. 2009, a response to Everett (2005).
- Everett, Daniel (2009) "Pirahã Culture and Grammar: A Response to Some Criticism"[pranala nonaktif], Language, 85.2, 405–442, reply to previous article.
- Nevins, Andrew, David Pesetsky and Cilene Rodrigues (2009) "Evidence and Argumentation: a Reply to Everett (2009)" Diarsipkan 2011-06-29 di Wayback Machine., Language", 85.3, 671–681. 2009, reply to previous article
- Sauerland, Uli. (2010). "Experimental Evidence for Complex Syntax in Pirahã"".
- Sheldon, Steven N. (1974) Some Morphophonemic and Tone Perturbation Rules in Mura-Pirahã. International Journal of American Linguistics, v. 40 279–282.
- Sheldon, Steven N. (1988) Os sufixos verbais Mura-Pirahã (= Mura-Pirahã verbal suffixes). SIL International, Série Lingüística Nº 9, Vol. 2: 147–175 PDF.
- Thomason, Sarah G. and Daniel L. Everett (2001) Pronoun Borrowing. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 27. PDF.
- Michael Frank (2008) "Number as a Cognitive Technology: Evidence from Pirahã Language and Cognition". PDF.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Piraha Alphabet (at Omniglot)
- Everett, Daniel. Home page( Diarsipkan 2012-02-06 di Archive.is)
- Pirahã language - by Professor Marco Antonio Gonçalves (UFRJ) in Encyclopedia of Indigenous People in Brazil
- Pirahã Dictionary/ Dicionário Mura-Pirahã( Diarsipkan 2011-05-18 di Wayback Machine.)
- Mura-Pirahã Dictionary
- Etnolinguistica.Org: discussion list on native South American languages
- NPR: Tribe Helps Linguist Argue with Prevailing Theory
- Unlocking the Secret Sounds of Language: Life Without Time or Numbers Diarsipkan 2013-12-21 di Wayback Machine. — article in The Independent
- Brazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living without Numbers or Time[pranala nonaktif] — Spiegel
- New Yorker article 'The Interpreter' (abstract)
- Audio sample of sung Pirahã — two boys singing about a day's events Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
- BBC Radio 4, The Material World: The Language of the Piraha — Prof. Daniel Everett discusses the linguistic significance of the language with Prof. Ian Roberts.
- Daniel Everett: Endangered Languages and Lost Knowledge Diarsipkan 2010-05-16 di Wayback Machine. (video), presentation for the Rosetta Project
- Sample1 and Sample2 of Pirahã, spoken by native speakers.
- Audio recordings of words lists in Pirahã, spoken by native speakers.