Daftar situs Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus
Pada tahun 2008 telah ditemukan lebih dari 1000 lokasi atau situs Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus,[1] di mana 406 situs terletak di Pakistan dan 616 situs di India,[2] sementara beberapa situs di Afganistan diyakini merupakan koloni perdagangan.[3]
Daftar penemuan modern
[sunting | sunting sumber]Daftar lokasi Lembah Indus Peradaban yang telah ditemukan:
| Situs | Distrik | Provinsi/Negara bagian |
Negara | Ekskavasi/Penemuan | Foto |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamgirpur | Meerut District | Uttar Pradesh | India | Impresi kain pada pipa | |
| Amri, Sindh | Dadu District | Sindh | Pakistan | Bekas-bekas binatang badak | |
| Babar Kot | Saurashtra | Gujarat | India | Tembok batu pertahanan,[4] bekas-bekas tumbuhan millets & gram.[5] | |
| Balu, Haryana | Fatehabad | Haryana | India | Bukti paling kuno adanya bawang putih.[6] | |
| Banawali | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Barley, patung terracotta sebuah bajak | |
| Bargaon | Saharanpur District[7] | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Baror | Sri Ganganagar district | Rajasthan | India | Kerangka manusia, ornamen, oven tanah liat sepanjang 5 meter dan selebar 3 meter, sebuah guci berisi 8000 mutiara[8] | |
| Bet Dwarka | Devbhoomi Dwarka district | Gujarat | India | Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook[9][10] | |
| Bhagatrav | Bharuch District | Gujarat | India | ||
| Bhirrana | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Graffiti seorang gadis penari pada tembikar, mirip dengan patung gadis penari yang ditemukan di Mohenjo-daro | |
| Chanhudaro | Nawabshah District | Sindh | Pakistan | Bead making factory, penggunaan lipstick,[11] satu-satunya situs di Indus tanpa citadel | |
| Daimabad Late Harappan | Ahmadnagar District | Maharashtra | India | A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures.[12] Southernmost IVC site | 
|
| Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, two script bearing seals, one of steatite and other of copper were also found; one script bearing terrecotta sealings was also found.[13] | |
| Dholavira | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions | .jpg)
|
| Farmana | Rohtak District | Haryana | India | Situs pekuburan terbesar IVC di India, dengan 65 makam | |
| Ganeriwala | Punjab | Pakistan | Tepat di tengah-tengah jarak ke Harappa dan Mohenjodaro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is site of almost the same size of Mahenjodaro. It may have been the third major centre in the IVC as it is near to the copper rich mines in Rajasthan. | ||
| Gola Dhoro near Bagasara | Amreli district | Gujarat | India | Production of shell bangles, semi precious beads etc. | |
| Harappa | Sahiwal District | Punjab | Pakistan | Granaries, coffin burial, lot of artefacts, important Indus Valley Civilization town, first town which is excavated and studied in detail | 
|
| Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace | Hisar District | Haryana | India | Situs belum diekskavasi | 
|
| Hulas | Saharanpur District | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Juni Kuran | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area[14] | |
| Jognakhera | Kurukshetra | Haryana | India | Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards[15] | |
| Kaj | Gir Somnath District | Gujarat | India | Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.[16] | |
| Kanjetar | Gir Somnath District | Gujarat | India | Single phase Harapppan site.[17] | |
| Kalibangan | Hanumangarh District | Rajasthan | India | Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, Shiva Lingam, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel | |
| Karanpura near Bhadra city | Hanumangarh district | Rajasthan | India | Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites [18] | 
|
| Khirasara | Kutch district | Gujarat | India | Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi precious stone, shell objects and weight hoards | |
| Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri | Saurashtra | Gujarat | India | Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water[1] | |
| Kot Bala | Lasbela District | Balochistan | Pakistan | Earliest evidence of furnace, seaport | |
| Kot Diji | Khairpur District | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Kunal, Haryana | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.[1] | |
| Kuntasi | Rajkot District | Gujarat | India | Small port | |
| Lakhueen-jo-daro | Sukkur District | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Larkana | Larkana District | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Loteshwar | Patan District | Gujarat | India | Situs arkeologi kuno[1] | |
| Lothal | Ahmedabad District | Gujarat | India | Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC) | 
|
| Manda, Jammu | Jammu District | Jammu & Kashmir | India | Northern Most Harappan site in Himalayan foothills[19] | |
| Malwan | Surat District | Gujarat | India | Southernmost Harappan site in India[20] | |
| Mandi | Muzaffarnagar district | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Mehrgarh | Kachi District | Balochistan | Pakistan | Earliest agricultural community | |
| Mitathal | Bhiwani District | Haryana | India | ||
| Mohenjo-Daro | Larkana District | Sindh | Pakistan | Great Bath (the biggest bath ghat), Great granary, Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man, terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type, a piece of woven cloth | 
|
| Mundigak | Kandahar Province | Kandahar | Afghanistan | ||
| Navinal | Kutch district | Gujarat | India | Otolit ikan[21] | |
| Nausharo near Dadhar | Kachi District | Balochistan | Pakistan | ||
| Ongar | Hyderabad | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Pabumath | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.[22] | |
| Pir Shah Jurio | Karachi | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Pirak | Sibi | Balochistan | Pakistan | ||
| Rakhigarhi | Hisar District | Haryana | India | Roda terakota, mainan, figurines, tembikar. Large site, partially excavated. | |
| Rangpur | Ahmedabad District | Gujarat | India | Pelabuhan kapal | |
| Rehman Dheri | Dera Ismail Khan | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Pakistan | ||
| Rojdi | Rajkot District | Gujarat | India | ||
| Rupar | Rupnagar District | Punjab | India | ||
| Sanauli[23] | Baghpat District | Uttar Pradesh | India | Situs pekuburan dengan 125 makam | |
| Sheri Khan Tarakai | Bannu District | Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | Pakistan | tembikar, lithic artifact | |
| Shikarpur, Gujarat[24] | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Detail kebiasaan makanan orang Harappa | |
| Shortugai | Takhar Province | Afghanistan | |||
| Siswal | Hisar (district) | Haryana | India | ||
| Sokhta Koh | Makran | Balochistan | Pakistan | Tembikar | |
| Sothi near Baraut | Bagpat district | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Surkotada | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Tulang-tulang seekor kuda (only site) | |
| Sutkagan Dor | Makran | Balochistan | Pakistan | Bangles of clay, Westernmost known site of IVC[25] | |
| Vejalka | Botad district | Gujarat | India | tembikar |
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c d McIntosh 2008.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. hlm. 137. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ Francfort: Fouilles de Shortughai, pl. 75, no. 7
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. hlm. 222. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ Agnihotri, V.K., ed. (1981). Indian History. Mumbai: Allied Publishers. hlm. A–82. ISBN 9788184245684.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. hlm. 137, 157. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ Archaeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review [1]
- ^ "Baror near Ramsinghpur". Rajasthan patrika newspaper. 19 June 2006.
- ^ Rao, S. R.; Gaur, A. S. (July 1992). "Excavations at Bet Dwarka" (PDF). Marine Archaeology. Marine Archaeological Centre, Goa. 3: 42–. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2015.
- ^ Gaur, A. S. (25 February 2004). "A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India" (PDF). Current Science. IISc. 86 (4): 512–514. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-01-04. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2015.
- ^ "Indus Valley Civilization". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 June 2012.
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Explorations and excavations: Gujarat: 19. Excavation at Desalpur (Gunthli), District Kutch" (PDF). Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review. Indian Archaeology (1963–64): 10–12. 1967. Diakses tanggal 19 July 2012.
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655_Was_the_Rann_of_Kachchh_navigable_during_the_Harappan_times_Mid-Holocene_An_archaeological_perspective
- ^ Sabharwal, Vijay (2010-07-11). "Indus Valley site ravaged by floods". The Times Of India. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-11. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-13.
- ^ Farooqui, Anjum; Gaur, A.S.; Prasad, Vandana (2013). "Climate, vegetation and ecology during Harappan period: excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj, mid-Saurashtra coast, Gujarat". Journal of Archaeological Science. Elsevier BV. 40 (6): 2631–2647. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.005. ISSN 0305-4403.
- ^ Gaur, A.S.; Sundaresh; Abhayan, G.S.; Joglekar, P.P. "Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat". AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-06-13. Diakses tanggal 2017-05-28.
- ^ "seals found at Karanpura". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-13.
- ^ India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. hlm. 137. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315796119_Fish_Otoliths_from_Navinal_Kachchh_Gujarat_Identification_of_Taxa_and_Its_Implications
- ^ Mittra, Debala, ed. (1983). "Indian Archaeology 1980-81 A Review" (PDF). Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review. Calcutta: Government of India, Archaeological Survey of India: 14. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-05-08. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-13.
- ^ "Archaeological Survey of India". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-13.
- ^ Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda. Excavations at Shikarpur, Gujarat 2008-2009."Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 21 September 2012. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-25.
- ^ Possehl, Gregory L. (2003). The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary perspective (edisi ke-[3rd printing].). New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. hlm. 79–80. ISBN 8178292912.
Pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576079072.