Donnchadh IV

Donnchadh IV
Donnchadh IV
	Lambang Earl Fife
Earl Fife
	Masa jabatan; 1288–1353
	Sunting kotak info • L • B

Donnchadh IV, Earl Fife [Duncan IV]^[1] (1289-1353) merupakan kadang-kadang seorang Pelindung Skotlandia, dan memerintah Fife sampai kematiannya. Dia adalah penguasa pribumi Skotlandia terakhir di provinsi itu.

Ia lahir pada akhir tahun 1289, tahun yang sama dengan pembunuhan ayahandanya, Donnchadh III. Karena itu dia datang ke Mormaerdom sebagai seorang bayi. Dia begitu muda sehingga kehormatan memahkotai John Balliol – biasanya hak turun-temurun dari Mormaer Fife – didelegasikan kepada seorang ksatria, yaitu Sir John de St. John. Dia juga merindukan penobatan Robert I, karena penahanannya di Inggris. Robert terpaksa memanggil saudari Donnchadh, Isabella, untuk memimpin dalam ketidakhadirannya.

Dukungan awalnya untuk Robert telah diragukan,^[2] tetapi pada tahun 1315, setahun setelah Pertempuran Bannockburn, ia mengundurkan diri dari Mormaerdom ke Raja Robert untuk dipimpin.^[3] Kesepakatan dengan Robert memastikan bahwa Mormaerdom tidak akan dipegang oleh raja, dan bahwa lengan Fife harus selalu unik dari lengan kerajaan yang sama. Jika Donnchadh meninggal tanpa keturunan, Raja Robert akan memberikannya kepada seseorang, secara default Alan Menteith.^[4] Ini karena istri Donnchadh berada di tahanan Inggris, dan jelas ada beberapa tekanan dari orang-orang Fife untuk mempertahankan penguasa daerah mereka sendiri. Dia hadir di perundingan yang mengarah pada Perjanjian Edinburgh, dan penandatangan Deklarasi Arbroath.^[5]

Earl Fife bertarung dengan para loyalis Bruce di Pertempuran Dupplin Moor di mana, dia menjadi tahanan, berganti sisi dan, dengan William Sinclair, Uskup Dunkeld, seorang penganut Robert the Bruce, memahkotai Edward Balliol Raja Skotlandia di Scone pada tanggal 24 September 1332.^[6] Tahun berikutnya, pada 19 Juli 1333, dia bertempur dengan tentara Skotlandia di Pertempuran Halidon Hill, ketika dia kembali ditangkap.

Pada tahun 1306, Donnchadh menikahi Mary de Monthermer, cucu Edward I dari Inggris. Dia meninggal tanpa pewaris laki-laki. Dia penting karena dia adalah penguasa laki-laki terakhir Gaelik Fife. Ketika ia meninggal pada tahun 1353, ia digantikan di mormaerdom oleh putrinya Isabella, yang menikah empat kali:

William Ramsay dari Colluthie. Ia menjabat sebagai Earl Fife, de jure uxoris. William dan Isabella memiliki seorang putri bernama Elizabeth Ramsey. Atau dia mungkin telah menikah dengan William Felton.^[7]
Walter Stewart, putra Robert II, Raja Skotlandia dan Euphemia de Ross. Dia menjabat sebagai Earl Fife, de jure uxoris.
Thomas Biset dari Upsetlington, yang menjabat sebagai Earl Fife, de jure uxoris.
John Dunbar, mungkin putra Patrick V, Earl March dan istri pertamanya Ermengarde. John Dunbar menjabat sebagai Earl Fife, de jure uxoris.

Isabella menandatangani Earldom Fife ke Robert Stewart, Adipati pertama Albany pada tahun 1371.

Catatan

^ Called Donnchad[h] IV by Dauvit Broun, "Anglo-French Acculturation", p. 138; called Duncan (IV) Macduff and ninth earl of Fife by Andrew McDonald, "Macduff family, earls of Fife (per. c.1095–1371)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 Sept 2007; called Duncan (IV) by Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", p. 33; in Angus, William, editor, 'Miscellaneous Charters 1315-1401' in Miscellany of The Scottish History Society, volume 5, Edinburgh, 1933: 25, where he is given in a latin charter as Duncanus comes de Fyff, and p.63 where he is given as Duncanus comes de Fyff, and where the modern author calls him tenth Earl of Fife; the number of earls of Fife before Donnchadh IV is not actually known; many older numberings include Ethelred, lay abbot of Dunkeld; this is based on a mistake produced by translation problems from a late 11th century Gaelic charter; see Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", p. 30, n. 3; there were at least 2, almost certainly more, earls of Fife before either Ethelred or Causantín; see Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", passim.
^ G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 156
^ In Stephen Boardman's book The Early Stewart Kings, p13, Boardman gives the account of the contemporary English chronicler Sir Thomas Gray who declared that Donnchadh "had forfeited the earldom to the crown during the reign of Robert I for the murder of an esquire named Michael Beaton and had received it back as a male entail which had reverted to the crown on Duncan's [Donnchadh's] death."
^ ibid., p. 278
^ ibid., p.258
^ Bain, FSA (Scot)., Joseph, The Edwards in Scotland, Edinburgh, 1901, p.84
^ Andy King, Michael A. Penman, England and Scotland in the fourteenth century: new perspectives, page 119. According to the Scalacronica Isabella was arranged to marry Robert Stewart, but married William Felton who had been in charge of her wardship.

Daftar pustaka

Bannerman, John, "MacDuff of Fife," in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 20–38
Barrow, G. W. S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1988)
Broun, Dauvit, "Anglo-French Acculturation and the Irish Element in Scottish Identity", in Brendan Smith (ed.), Britain and Ireland, 9001-300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 135–53
McDonald, Andrew, "Macduff family, earls of Fife (per. c.1095–1371)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 Sept 2007

Didahului oleh: Donnchadh III	Earl Fife 1288–1353	Diteruskan oleh: Isabella

[1] Called Donnchad[h] IV by Dauvit Broun, "Anglo-French Acculturation", p. 138; called Duncan (IV) Macduff and ninth earl of Fife by Andrew McDonald, "Macduff family, earls of Fife (per. c.1095–1371)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 Sept 2007; called Duncan (IV) by Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", p. 33; in Angus, William, editor, 'Miscellaneous Charters 1315-1401' in Miscellany of The Scottish History Society, volume 5, Edinburgh, 1933: 25, where he is given in a latin charter as Duncanus comes de Fyff, and p.63 where he is given as Duncanus comes de Fyff, and where the modern author calls him tenth Earl of Fife; the number of earls of Fife before Donnchadh IV is not actually known; many older numberings include Ethelred, lay abbot of Dunkeld; this is based on a mistake produced by translation problems from a late 11th century Gaelic charter; see Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", p. 30, n. 3; there were at least 2, almost certainly more, earls of Fife before either Ethelred or Causantín; see Bannerman, "Macduff of Fife", passim.

[2] G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 156

[3] In Stephen Boardman's book The Early Stewart Kings, p13, Boardman gives the account of the contemporary English chronicler Sir Thomas Gray who declared that Donnchadh "had forfeited the earldom to the crown during the reign of Robert I for the murder of an esquire named Michael Beaton and had received it back as a male entail which had reverted to the crown on Duncan's [Donnchadh's] death."

[4] ibid., p. 278

[5] ibid., p.258

[6] Bain, FSA (Scot)., Joseph, The Edwards in Scotland, Edinburgh, 1901, p.84

[7] Andy King, Michael A. Penman, England and Scotland in the fourteenth century: new perspectives, page 119. According to the Scalacronica Isabella was arranged to marry Robert Stewart, but married William Felton who had been in charge of her wardship.

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