Geng Barker—Karpis
Geng Barker–Karpis adalah salah satu geng kriminal yang berumur paling lama selama Era Depresi, mulai dari tahun 1931 hingga 1935. Geng ini didirikan oleh Fred Barker dan Alvin Karpis, dan kemudian bergabung dengan saudara laki-laki Fred Arthur "Doc" Barker. Bersama dengan tiga anggota inti, jaringan geng tersebut mencakup hingga 25 anggota pada satu titik.
Meskipun tidak setenar Geng Dillinger, atau Geng Barrow, Geng Barker–Karpis mungkin lebih kejam, tidak hanya melakukan perampokan bank, tetapi juga memperluas aktivitasnya hingga penculikan..[1] Hal ini terkenal karena mitos yang dijalankan oleh ibu Barker bersaudara, Kate, biasanya disebut sebagai "Ma Barker".
Pendirian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Geng Barker–Karpis dibentuk oleh Fred Barker dan Alvin Karpis pada bulan Maret 1931. Barker dan Karpis bertemu di Penjara Negara Bagian Kansas, dan setelah Karpis dibebaskan pada bulan Maret 1931, mereka mulai membentuk geng tersebut. Geng tersebut mulai merampok bank mulai pertengahan tahun 1931, tetapi pada tanggal 19 Desember tahun itu, mereka membunuh Sheriff Howell County Sheriff Calvin Roy Kelly di West Plains, Missouri. Mereka melarikan diri ke Joplin, dan kemudian ke Saint Paul, Minnesota, di mana kejahatan terorganisir Yahudi-Amerika bos Harry Sawyer (lahir Harry Sandlovich) mencarikan mereka sebuah rumah di 1031 Roberts Road, milik Helen Hannegraff. Mereka menggunakan nama "Anderson", tetapi beberapa minggu kemudian, putra Helen, Nick, mengenali foto Alvin dan Fred di salinan Majalah Detektif Sejati, dan menghubungi polisi. Kepala polisi St. Paul yang korup, Thomas Brown, memberi tahu keluarga Barker dan mereka meninggalkan kota. Doc Barker kemudian bergabung dengan geng tersebut pada tahun 1932 setelah dia dibebaskan bersyarat dari Penjara Negara Bagian Oklahoma di McAlester, di mana dia menjalani hukuman seumur hidup atas pembunuhan penjaga malam Thomas J. Sherrill pada tahun 1921. Geng tersebut dipimpin oleh mereka bertiga. , meskipun banyak orang lain yang keluar masuk geng termasuk Chicago Outfit mafia Fred Goetz dan Volney Davis. Geng tersebut melanjutkan aktivitas perampokan bank mereka hingga pertengahan tahun 1933, ketika mereka memutuskan bahwa merampok bank menjadi berisiko, dan oleh karena itu memutuskan untuk menyimpang ke bidang penculikan.[2] Kelulusan mereka ke kejahatan yang lebih serius dibimbing oleh Detektif Brown.[3]
Penculikan Hamm dan Bremer
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tanggal 15 Juni 1933, geng Barker–Karpis menculik William Hamm dari Hamm's Brewery dan membebaskannya pada tanggal 19 Juni 1933. Tebusan dari penculikan ini menghasilkan $100.000. Mereka kemudian menculik Edward Bremer di siang hari di St. Paul pada bulan Januari 1934, membebaskannya pada bulan Februari. Tebusan dari penculikan ini ternyata $200.000. Namun, penculikan ini membawa terlalu banyak publisitas negatif, karena Penculikan Urschel dan Lindbergh baru-baru ini, dan fakta bahwa ayah Bremer Jr. adalah teman pribadi Presiden Roosevelt, yang menyebutkan penculikan tersebut dalam obrolan api unggun. Pada tanggal 27 November 1934, Lester "Baby Face Nelson" Gillis, yang saat itu merupakan Musuh Publik No. 1, terluka parah dalam baku tembak dengan FBI dan meninggal malam itu juga. Keesokan harinya, Alvin Karpis dinyatakan sebagai Musuh Publik No. 1, yang menyebabkan kekuatan penuh FBI menyerang Geng Barker – Karpis.[4][5]
Kejatuhan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Geng itu menghadapi masalah. George "Shotgun" Ziegler telah ditembak mati di Cicero, Illinois pada bulan Maret 1934, kemungkinan karena ketidaksukaan massa terhadap aktivitas geng tersebut. Anggota geng William J. Harrison dibunuh pada tanggal 6 Januari oleh sesama anggota geng. Menyusul pernyataan Alvin Karpis sebagai Musuh Publik No. 1, Doc Barker ditangkap pada 8 Januari 1935 bersama Byron Bolton. Russell "Slim Grey" Gibson terbunuh saat menolak penangkapan. Bersamaan dengan penangkapannya datanglah peta dan surat ke sebuah pondok dekat Danau Weir, Florida, dekat Ocklawaha, di mana Fred Barker dan ibunya, Kate "Ma" Barker berada bersembunyi di bawah nama samaran. Setelah baku tembak selama empat jam pada 16 Januari 1935, Fred dan Ma Barker terbunuh. Kontroversi masih ada mengenai apakah Ma Barker ikut serta dalam baku tembak tersebut, atau bahkan seorang penjahat. Alvin Karpis hampir ditembak mati di Atlantic City, New Jersey, pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan.
Karpis terus bergerak selama 16 bulan berikutnya, melakukan perampokan mobil lapis baja dan perampokan kereta api pada bulan April dan Oktober 1935, sebelum akhirnya ditangkap di New Orleans pada tanggal 1 Mei 1936, bersama kaki tangan barunya Fred Hunter. Meskipun Direktur J. Edgar Hoover secara pribadi mengaku bertanggung jawab atas penangkapan Karpis, Hoover dan laporan resmi FBI mengenai penangkapan tersebut masih dipertanyakan. Karpis menawarkan versi penangkapannya sendiri dalam bukunya, The Alvin Karpis Story. Penangkapan Karpis membuat FBI terkenal dan melejitkan reputasi publik mereka, seiring dengan reputasi J. Edgar Hoover.[1][5]
Akibat
[sunting | sunting sumber]Doc Barker dikirim ke Alcatraz pada musim panas 1935. Alvin Karpis segera menyusul penangkapannya sendiri. Banyak anggota geng lainnya berakhir di penjara Alcatraz. Doc Barker akhirnya ditembak mati ketika mencoba melarikan diri pada tahun 1939.
Saat berada di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Pulau McNeil, Karpis mulai mengajar gitar kepada Charles Manson muda, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai "Little Charlie". Karpis bersimpati pada pendidikan Manson yang penuh gejolak dan terlembaga yang membuatnya berada di banyak panti asuhan, panti asuhan, dan penjara sepanjang masa mudanya. Karpis kemudian menulis “sudah waktunya seseorang melakukan sesuatu untuknya.” Dia kemudian berkata, "Ada sesuatu yang tidak biasa pada diri Manson. Dia adalah orang yang kerdil, tetapi menemukan tempatnya sebagai manipulator berpengalaman terhadap orang lain. Saya merasa dimanipulasi, dan dalam keadaan di mana hal itu tidak diperlukan."
Karpis dibebaskan bersyarat pada tahun 1969, dan dideportasi ke Kanada. Dia pindah ke Spanyol pada tahun 1973. Karpis ikut menulis dua buku dengan penulis profesional, satu dirilis pada tahun 1971 berjudul The Alvin Karpis Story, yang lainnya, dirilis pada tahun 1979, berjudul On the Rock. Dia meninggal pada tanggal 30 Agustus 1979, karena sebab alamiah, meskipun awalnya diyakini sebagai bunuh diri atau akibat permainan kotor.[6]
Ringkasan kegiatan Geng Barker – Karpis
[sunting | sunting sumber]Latar belakang
[sunting | sunting sumber]1900–1920
[sunting | sunting sumber]- 1910—Herman Barker ditangkap karena perampokan jalan raya di Webb City, Missouri.
- 5 Maret 1915—Herman Barker ditangkap karena perampokan jalan raya di Joplin, Missouri. (Herman dan Lloyd Barker dilaporkan terlibat dengan Geng Central Park di Tulsa, Oklahoma.)
- 4 Juli 1918—Arthur "Doc" Barker terlibat dalam pencurian mobil AS di Tulsa, Oklahoma; ditangkap (#841) (lolos).
1920–1929
[sunting | sunting sumber]- 19 Februari 1920—Arthur Barker ditangkap di Joplin, Missouri (#1740); kembali ke Tulsa, Oklahoma.
- 1921—Lloyd "Red" Barker ditangkap karena menggelandang di Tulsa, Oklahoma.
- 15 Januari 1921—Arthur Barker alias "Claude Dade" terlibat dalam percobaan perampokan bank di Muskogee, Oklahoma; ditangkap (#822).
- 30 Januari 1921—Arthur Barker alias "Bob Barker" diterima di Penjara Negara Bagian Oklahoma (#11059); dirilis 11 Juni 1921.
- 16 Agustus 1921—Arthur Barker dan Volney Davis terlibat dalam pembunuhan penjaga malam Thomas J. Sherrill di Tulsa, Oklahoma. (Menurut sumber lain[7]) Thomas J.Sherrill. adalah penjaga malam di Rumah Sakit St. John di Tulsa.)
- 8 Januari 1922—Geng Central Park terlibat dalam percobaan perampokan di Okmulgee, Oklahoma; baku tembak mengakibatkan salah satu pencuri tewas sementara polisi Kapten Homer R. Spaulding[8] dies of his wounds on January 19, 1922. One gang member is sentenced to life in prison while another had his sentence overturned.
- January 16, 1922—Lloyd Barker received at Leavenworth Prison (#17243) after arrest for robbing mail at Baxter Springs, Kansas and sentenced to 25 years; released 1938.
- February 10, 1922—Arthur "Doc" Barker received (#11906) at Oklahoma State Prison for the murder of Sherrill.
- 1926—Fred Barker robbed bank in Winfield, Kansas; arrested.
- March 12, 1927—Fred Barker admitted to Kansas State Prison.
- August 1, 1927-Herman Barker cashed stolen bank bonds at the America National Bank in Cheyenne, WY. Sheriff Deputy Arthur Osborn[9] flagged down Barker's car. Barker picked up a gun from the vehicle's seat and shot Osborn. Osborn died as a result.
- August 29, 1927—Herman Barker commits suicide in Wichita, Kansas after being stopped at police roadblock. (Wichita Policeman J.E. Marshall[10]) had been killed on August 9, 1927, by the Kimes-Terrill Gang that Herman was associated with. Five other policemen were killed by the Kimes gang.[11]
Barker–Karpis gang
[sunting | sunting sumber]1930–1939
[sunting | sunting sumber]- March 30, 1931—Fred Barker released from Kansas State Prison after serving time for burglary; met Alvin Karpis in prison.
- June 10, 1931—Fred Barker and Alvin Karpis (alias George Heller) arrested by Tulsa, Oklahoma, police investigating burglary. Karpis sentenced to four years but paroled after restitution made; Fred Barker also avoided jail sentence.
- November 8, 1931—Fred Barker killed an Arkansas police chief Manley Jackson.[12]
- December 19, 1931—Fred Barker and Alvin Karpis robbed a store in West Plains, Missouri, and involved in the killing of Howell County, Missouri, sheriff C. Roy Kelly.[13]
- January 18, 1932—Lloyd Barker received at Leavenworth Prison.
- April 26, 1932—Body of Ma Barker's lover A. W. Dunlap found at Lake Franstead, Minnesota; killed by Fred Barker and Alvin Karpis.
- June 17, 1932—Fred Barker, Karpis and five accomplices robbed Fort Scott, Kansas Bank.
- July 26, 1932—Fred Barker, Karpis (with an augmented gang) robbed Cloud County bank at Concordia, Kansas.
- August 13, 1932—Attorney J. Earl Smith of Tulsa, Oklahoma, found killed at Indian Hills Country Club north of Tulsa; he had been retained to defend Harvey Bailey over the Fort Scott bank robbery, but the man was convicted.
- On July 25, 1932, Barker, Karpis, DeVol, Jess Doyle and Earl Christman robbed the Cloud County Bank at Concordia, Kansas, and made off with about $250,000 in cash and bonds.
- On August 18, they pulled a second job at the Second National Bank of Beloit, Wisconsin, for $50,000.
- September 10, 1932—Arthur "Doc" Barker released from prison.
- December 16, 1932—Fred and Arthur Barker, Alvin Karpis and gang robbed Third Northwestern National Bank in Minneapolis, killing policemen Ira Leon Evans and Leo Gorski[14] and one civilian. (One gang member Lawrence DeVol in this shooting was also involved in four other police killings-two police officers, Sheriff William Sweet[15] and City Marshal Aaron Bailey,[16] in Washington, Iowa, and Marshall John W. Rose[17] in Kirksville, Missouri, on November 17, 1930, and killing officer Cal Palmer[18] and wounding another officer before being gunned down in Enid, Oklahoma, in 1936.)
- April 4, 1933—Fred and Arthur Barker, Alvin Karpis and gang robbed Fairbury, Nebraska, bank.
- June 1933—William Hamm of the Hamm's Brewery family kidnapped by Barker–Karpis gang; Hamm released June 19, 1933, after ransom paid. It is believed by some that the gang turned over half of the Hamm ransom money to the Chicago Mob under Frank Nitti after Nitti discovered that they were hiding Hamm in suburban Chicago and demanded half the ransom as "rent".
- August 30, 1933—Barker–Karpis Gang robs a payroll at Stockyards National Bank of South St. Paul, Minnesota, in which one policeman Leo Pavlak[19] is coldly executed and one disabled for life.
- September 22, 1933—Two bank messengers held up by five men identified as Barker–Karpis gang; Chicago policeman Miles A Cunningham[20] is killed by the gang after their car crashed during the getaway. (Barker–Karpis gang associate Vernon Miller was allegedly involved in the killing, and reportedly also involved in the Kansas City Massacre in which four lawmen were killed).
- January 17, 1934—Gang kidnaps Edward George Bremer, Jr.; Bremer released on February 7, 1934, after ransom paid.
- January 19, 1934—Gang wounds M.C. McCord of Northwest Airways Company, thinking he was a policeman.
- March 10, 1934—Barker gang member Fred Goetz (also known as "Shotgun George" Ziegler, a participant in the Bremer kidnapping) killed by fellow gangsters in Cicero, Illinois.
- April 1934-Doc Barker and associate Volney Davis get a surprise visit from John Dillinger and Homer Van Meter, helping them bury their comrade John "Red" Hamilton after Hamilton died from gunshot wounds sustained in a shootout in St. Paul, Minnesota.
- July 1934—Underworld doctor Joseph Moran last seen alive.
- January 6, 1935—Barker gang member William B. Harrison killed by fellow gangsters at Ontarioville, Illinois.
- January 8, 1935—Arthur "Doc" Barker arrested in Chicago; Barker gang member Russell Gibson killed and his colleague Byron Bolton captured at another address.
- January 16, 1935—Fred and Ma Barker killed by FBI in Ocklawaha, Florida (Marion County). Ma Barker was discovered by the FBI tracking her letters sent to her other son. She was writing to him to tell him about a large gator in Lake Weir that everyone had called "Gator Joe", which led to the name of the local restaurant known as "Gator Joe's".[21]
- September 26, 1935—The supposed body of underworld doctor Joseph Moran found in Lake Erie; believed killed by Fred Barker and Alvin Karpis. (However, Karpis himself said that Moran had been buried.)
- November 7, 1935—Karpis and five accomplices robbed an Erie Railroad mail train at Garrettsville, Ohio.
- May 1, 1936—Karpis and accomplice Fred Hunter arrested in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- January 13, 1939—Arthur Barker killed trying to escape from Alcatraz Prison.
(Of Barker–Karpis gang/associates: 18 arrested; 3 killed by lawmen; 2 killed by gangsters)
Later events
[sunting | sunting sumber]- World War II - Lloyd Barker was a US Army cook at POW camp Fort Custer, Michigan; received US Army Good Conduct Medal and Honorable Discharge.
- March 18, 1949 — Lloyd Barker was killed by his wife; he was manager of Denargo Market in Denver, Colorado; she was sent to Colorado State Insane Asylum.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Burrough, Bryan (2009) Public Enemies, Penguin
- ^ Winter, Robert (2000) Mean Men: The Sons of Ma Barker, Rutledge Books
- ^ Mahoney, Tom, Secret Partners: Big Tom Brown and the Barker Gang, Minnesota Historical Society, 2013, p.4.
- ^ Maccabee, Paul (1995) John Dillinger Slept Here, Minnesota Historical Society Press
- ^ a b Mahoney, Tim (2013) Secret Partners, Minnesota Historical Society Press
- ^ Karpis, Alvin and Livesey, Robert (1980) On the Rock: Twenty-Five Years in Alcatraz, Beaufort Books
- ^ "Ma Barker Gang - Topic". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-17. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-17.
- ^ "Captain Homer R. Spaulding". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Deputy Sheriff Arthur Emil Osborn". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Patrolman Joseph Earl Marshall". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Chief of Police W. J. McAnally". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Chief of Police Manley Jackson". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Sheriff C. Roy Kelly". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Patrolman Leo R. Gorski". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Sheriff William Fred Sweet". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "City Marshal Aaron Bailey". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Night Marshal John Wesley Rose". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Police Officer Cal Palmer". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Patrolman Leo Pavlak". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Patrolman Miles Cunningham". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "History". gatorjoesocala.com. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2012.