Gerakan klub wanita

Lima perwira wanita dari Liga Kewanitaan di Newport, Pulau Rhode, s. 1899

Gerakan klub wanita adalah sebuah gerakan sosial yang mengambil tempat di seluruh Amerika Serikat yang menetapkan gagasan bahwa perempuan memiliki kewajiban moral dan tanggung jawab untuk mengubah kebijakan publik. Meskipun organisasi wanita tersebut selalu menjadi bagian dari sejarah Amerika Serikat, baru pada era Progresif organisasi tersebut dianggap sebagai sebuah "gerakan". Gelombang pertama gerakan klub tersebut adalah selama era Progresif dimulai oleh wanita kulit putih, kelas menengah, Protestan, dan fase kedua oleh wanita Afrika-Amerika.

Referensi

Sumber

• Beer, Janet; Ford, Anne-Marie; Joslin, Katherine, ed. (2003). American Feminism: Key Source Documents 1848–1920. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21945-0. 
• Bredbenner, Candice Lewis (1998). A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage and the Law of Citizenship. Berkeley: University of California Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-12-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10 – via California Digital Library. 
• Croly, Jane Cunningham (1898). The History of the Woman's Club Movement in America. New York: H.G. Allen & Co. 
• Cunningham, Mary S. (1978). The Woman's Club of El Paso: Its First Thirty Years. El Paso, Texas: Texas Western Press. ISBN 0-87404-061-2. 
• Decker, Sarah S. Platt (September 1906). "The Meaning of the Woman's Club Movement". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 28 (2): 1–6. doi:10.1177/000271620602800201. JSTOR 1010954. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Dunbar, Erica Armstrong (2008). A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12591-7. 
• Flanagan, Maureen A. (1990). "Gender and Urban Political Reform: The City Club and the Woman's City Club of Chicago in the Progressive Era". The American Historical Review. 95 (4): 1032–1050. doi:10.2307/2163477. JSTOR 2163477. 
• Hansen, Debra L. Gold (2003). "Clubs (Women's) in the West". Dalam Bakken, Gordon Morris; Farrington, Brenda. Encyclopedia of Women in the American West. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-6526-1. 
• Hendricks, Wanda A. (1998). Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33447-0. 
• Johnson, Kimberly (n.d.). "From A to Z and In Between: Women's Organizations Transforming Change from the Inside Out" (PDF). Delta Kappa Gamma. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Kaufman, Polly Welts (2006). National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A History. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-3994-2. 
• Knupfer, Anna Meis (2006). The Chicago Black Renaissance and Women's Activism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252072932. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Lang, Jennifer R. (2005). Self Improvement, Community Improvement: North Carolina Sorosis and the Women's Club Movement in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1895–1950 (PDF). University of North Carolina Wilmington. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-19. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Lee, Shebby (2009). "The Women's Movement in the West: A Tribute to 19th Century Club Women" (PDF). West River History Conference. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-19. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2017. 
• Lerner, Gerda (January 1, 1974). "Early Community Work of Black Club Women". The Journal of Negro History. 59 (2): 158–167. doi:10.2307/2717327. JSTOR 2717327. 
• Merchant, Carolyn (March 1, 1984). "Women of the Progressive Conservation Movement: 1900–1916". Environmental Review: ER (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8 (1): 57–85. doi:10.2307/3984521. ISSN 1053-4180. JSTOR 3984521. 
• Mjagkij, Nona (2001). Organizing Black America. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-58123-7. 
• Moore, Dorothea (September 1906). "The Work of the Women's Clubs in California". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 28 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1177/000271620602800205. JSTOR 1010958. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Parker, Alison M. (2010). "Clubwomen, Reformers, Workers, and Feminists of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era". Dalam DeLuzio, Crista. Women's Rights: People and Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-114-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-17. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Rabaka, Reiland (2012). Hip Hop's Amnesia: From Blues and the Black Women's Club Movement to Rap and the Hip Hop Movement. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Book. ISBN 978-0-7391-7492-0. 
• Scott, Anne Firor (January 1, 1990). "Most Invisible of All: Black Women's Voluntary Associations". The Journal of Southern History. 56 (1): 3–22. doi:10.2307/2210662. JSTOR 2210662. 
• Seaholm, Megan (1998). "Earnest Women: The White Woman's Club Movement in Progressive Era Texas, 1880–1920" (PDF). Rice University. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Sherman, Mrs. John Dickinson (September 1906). "The Women's Clubs in the Middle Western States". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 28 (2): 29–49. doi:10.1177/000271620602800203. JSTOR 1010956. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-04-17. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-10. 
• Stewart, Jane A. (May 14, 1908). "The Educational Work of the Women's Clubs". The Journal of Education. 67 (20): 536–538. doi:10.1177/002205740806702004. JSTOR 42816821. 
• Tolson, Claudette L. (2008). The Excluded and the Included: Chicago, White Supremacy and the Clubwomen's Movement, 1873–1915. University of Chicago: Loyola University Chicago. ISBN 9780549840275. 
• Turner, Elizabeth Hayes (1997). Women, Culture, and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston, 1880–1920. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802805-5. 
• Watson, Paula D. (2003). "Valleys Without Sunsets: Women's Clubs and Traveling Libraries". Dalam Freeman, Robert S.; Hovde, David M. Libraries to the People: Histories of Outreach. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-1359-1. 
• Winter, Alice Ames (November 1921). "Women's Clubs To-day". The North American Review. 214 (792): 636–640. JSTOR 25120874. 
• Wood, Mary I.; Pennybacker, Percy V. (November 1914). "Civic Activities of Women's Clubs". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 56: 78–87. doi:10.1177/000271621405600110. JSTOR 1011981. 
• Zackodnik, Teresa C., ed. (2010). "We Must Be Up and Doing": A Reader in Early African American Feminisms. Buffalo, New York: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-917-5. 

Bacaan lanjutan

• Anne Ruggles Gere. Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U.S. Women's Clubs, 1880-1920. University of Chicago Press, 1997.
• Augusta H. Leypoldt (1895), List of books for girls and women and their clubs, Boston: Library Bureau, OL 7206948M 
• Jayne Morris-Crowther, The Political Activities of Detroit Clubwomen in the 1920s: A Challenge and a Promise. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2013.

Pranala luar

• Lifting as We Climb: African American Women's Clubs in Progressive Era Chicago Diarsipkan 2022-05-26 di Wayback Machine.
• GFWC Diarsipkan 2010-02-16 di Wayback Machine. (official site)
• For Our Mutual Benefit: The Athens Woman's Club and Social Reform, 1899–1920 Diarsipkan 2014-11-13 di Wayback Machine. in the Digital Library of Georgia Diarsipkan 2018-02-24 di Wayback Machine.
• [1] Diarsipkan 2018-02-24 di Wayback Machine.Finding Aids, Research Center, Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society
• [2] Diarsipkan 2018-02-24 di Wayback Machine.Women's Clubs Collection, 1812–1995 Diarsipkan 2015-03-06 di Wayback Machine. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
• Margaret Fuller Club Collection Diarsipkan 2018-02-20 di Wayback Machine., McLean County Museum of History