Ikan kawal

Ikan kawal / Ikan pilot
Status konservasi
	; Risiko Rendah (IUCN 3.1)
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Actinopterygii
Ordo:	Carangiformes
Famili:	Carangidae
Subfamili:	Naucratinae
Genus:	Naucrates; Rafinesque, 1810
Spesies:	N. ductor
Nama binomial
	Naucrates ductor; L., 1758
Sinonim
	Gasterosteus ductor Linnaeus, 1758 ; Hemitripteronotus quinquemaculatus Lacepède, 1801 ; Naucrates fanfarus Rafinesque, 1810 ; Naucrates indicus Lesson, 1831 ; Naucrates noveboracensis Cuvier, 1832 ; Nauclerus compressus Valenciennes, 1833 ; Seriola dussumieri Valenciennes, 1833 ; Seriola succincta Valenciennes, 1833 ; Nauclerus abreviatus Valenciennes, 1833 ; Nauclerus brachycentrus Valenciennes, 1833 ; Nauclerus triacanthus Valenciennes, 1833 ; Nauclerus annularis Valenciennes, 1833 ; Nauclerus leucurus Valenciennes, 1833 ; Naucrates cyanophrys Swainson, 1839 ; Naucrates serratus Swainson, 1839 ; Thynnus pompilus Gronow, 1854 ; Naucrates polysarcus Fowler, 1905 ; Naucrates angeli Whitley, 1931 ;

Ikan pilot atau ikan kawal ( Naucrates ductor ) adalah ikan karnivora dari keluarga kuwe, Carangidae .^[3] Ini didistribusikan secara luas dan hidup di laut lepas yang hangat atau tropis.

Keterangan

Ikan kawal berkumpul di sekitar hiu, pari, dan penyu, di mana ia memakan ektoparasit dan sisa makanan di sekitar spesies inangnya; ^[4] ikan pilot yang lebih muda biasanya berasosiasi dengan ubur-ubur dan rumput laut yang hanyut.^[5] Mereka juga diketahui mengikuti kapal, terkadang untuk jarak jauh; satu ditemukan di County Cork, Irlandia, ^[6] dan banyak ikan pilot terlihat di pantai Inggris .^[7] ^[8] Kecintaan mereka pada kapal membuat orang dahulu percaya bahwa mereka akan mengarahkan kapal ke jalur yang diinginkan.^[9]

Warna ikan kawal antara biru tua dan perak kehitaman, dengan warna perut lebih terang.^[10] ^[11] ^[12] Ikan kawal juga diketahui memiliki variasi warna sementara saat bersemangat; garis-garis berwarna gelapnya menghilang, dan tubuhnya berubah menjadi putih keperakan, dengan tiga bercak biru lebar di punggungnya.^[13] Hal ini dapat dikenali dari lima hingga tujuh pita melintangnya yang khas, ^[14] yang warnanya jauh lebih gelap dibandingkan bagian tubuh lainnya. ^[11] Ikan kawal dapat tumbuh hingga 60–70 panjangnya cm.^[15]

Ikan kawal dapat dimakan ^[16] dan dikatakan rasanya enak, ^[17] ^[18] namun jarang tersedia karena perilakunya yang tidak menentu saat ditangkap.^[19]

Meskipun ikan kawal dapat dilihat bersama berbagai jenis hiu, mereka lebih suka menemani hiu koboi, Carcharhinus longimanus .^[20] Hubungan ikan kawal dengan hiu bersifat mutualis ; ikan pilot mendapat perlindungan dari predator, sedangkan hiu terbebas dari parasit.^[21] Para pelaut sering mengatakan bahwa hiu dan ikan pilot memiliki kesamaan seperti "persahabatan yang erat"; ^[22] bahkan ada cerita tentang ikan ini yang mengikuti kapal yang telah menangkap hiu "mereka" hingga enam minggu ^[23] dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda kesusahan saat hiu tersebut tidak ada.^[24] ^[25]

Jarang sekali hiu memakan ikan kawal ^[26] dan ikan kawal yang lebih kecil sering terlihat berenang ke dalam mulut hiu untuk membersihkan sisa makanan dari sela-sela giginya.

Referensi

^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Brown, J.; Pina Amargos, F.; Williams, J.T.; Curtis, M. (2015). "Naucrates ductor". 2015: e.T190452A115322218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190452A16643992.en.
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Naucrates ductor" di situs FishBase. Versi August 2019.
^ Greenberg, Idaz (1986). Guide to Corals & Fishes of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean. Seahawk Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 0-913008-08-7.
^ McEachran, John D.; Fechhelm, Janice D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press. hlm. 287. ISBN 0-292-70634-0.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Herald, Earl Stannard (1999). A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes. Houghton Mifflin Books. hlm. 208. ISBN 0-395-26873-7.
^ Thompson, William (1856). The Natural History of Ireland. Reeve, Benham and Reeve. hlm. 95. ISBN 0-900761-45-8.
^ Couch, Jonathan (1863). A History of the Fishes of the British Islands. Groombridge & Sons. hlm. 109.
^ Yarrell, William (1841). A History of British Fishes (edisi ke-2nd.). John van Voorst. hlm. 170. The pilot-fish has been so often seen, and occasionally taken on our southern coast, as to be entitled to a place among British Fishes[.]
^ Patterson, Robert (1849). First Steps to Zoology. Simms and McIntyre. hlm. 149. [The pilot fish is] supposed by the ancients to have pointed out to navigators their desired course, and borne them company during their voyage.
^ Goldsmith, Oliver (1810). A History of the Earth and Animated Nature. hlm. 159.
^ ^a ^b Eschmeyer & Herald 1999, p. 208.
^ Randall, John; Allen, Gerald; Steen, Roger (1997). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 164. ISBN 0-8248-1895-4.
^ Eschmeyer & Herald, p. 208.
^ Goldsmith 1810, p. 159.
^ Various sources give different figures:
^ Goadby, Peter (1963). Sharks and Other Marine Predators. Melbourne: Jacaranda Press. hlm. 22.
^ Orr 1865, p. 50.
^ Yarrell 1841, p. 172.
^ Dixon, C. C. (November 1925). "The Sargasso Sea". The Geographical Journal. 66 (5): 440. doi:10.2307/1782665. JSTOR 1782665. They take the hook readily, but go quite insane when hooked, and are difficult to land in spite of their size, 6 to 16 inches.
^ Stafford-Deitsch, Jeremy (2000). Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Trident Press. hlm. 32. ISBN 1-900724-45-6.
^ Webster, Stephen (2003). Thinking about Biology. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 24. ISBN 0-521-59059-0.
^ Couch 1863, p. 110–111.
^ Murray, Hugh; Wilson, James; Greville, R. K.; Jameson, Robert; Ainslie, Whitelaw; Rhind, William; Wallace, Prof.; Dalrymble, Clarence (1832). Historical and Descriptive Account of British India, from the Most Remote Period to the Present Time. J. & J. Harper. hlm. 337.
^ Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1848). History of Barbados: Comprising a Geographical and Statistical Description of the Island. hlm. 669. ISBN 0-7146-1948-5.
^ Gudger, E. W. (March 1929). "Some Instances of Supposed Sympathy Among Fishes". The Scientific Monthly. 28 (3): 267. Bibcode:1929SciMo..28..266G.
^ Filhol, H. (May 23, 1884). "The Deep-Sea Fishes Collected by the Talisman". Science. 3 (68): 623–8. Bibcode:1884Sci.....3..623.. doi:10.1126/science.ns-3.68.623. PMID 17844329. It seems that Naucrates acts as a guide for the sharks, and that the latter, in recognition of its services, never pursue it.

[iucn-1] Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Brown, J.; Pina Amargos, F.; Williams, J.T.; Curtis, M. (2015). "Naucrates ductor". 2015: e.T190452A115322218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190452A16643992.en.

[Fishbase-2] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Naucrates ductor" di situs FishBase. Versi August 2019.

[3] Greenberg, Idaz (1986). Guide to Corals & Fishes of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean. Seahawk Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 0-913008-08-7.

[4] McEachran, John D.; Fechhelm, Janice D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press. hlm. 287. ISBN 0-292-70634-0.

[5] Eschmeyer, William N.; Herald, Earl Stannard (1999). A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes. Houghton Mifflin Books. hlm. 208. ISBN 0-395-26873-7.

[6] Thompson, William (1856). The Natural History of Ireland. Reeve, Benham and Reeve. hlm. 95. ISBN 0-900761-45-8.

[7] Couch, Jonathan (1863). A History of the Fishes of the British Islands. Groombridge & Sons. hlm. 109.

[8] Yarrell, William (1841). A History of British Fishes (edisi ke-2nd.). John van Voorst. hlm. 170. The pilot-fish has been so often seen, and occasionally taken on our southern coast, as to be entitled to a place among British Fishes[.]

[9] Patterson, Robert (1849). First Steps to Zoology. Simms and McIntyre. hlm. 149. [The pilot fish is] supposed by the ancients to have pointed out to navigators their desired course, and borne them company during their voyage.

[10] Goldsmith, Oliver (1810). A History of the Earth and Animated Nature. hlm. 159.

[Eschmeyer_&_Herald_1999,_p._208-11] Eschmeyer & Herald 1999, p. 208.

[12] Randall, John; Allen, Gerald; Steen, Roger (1997). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 164. ISBN 0-8248-1895-4.

[13] Eschmeyer & Herald, p. 208.

[14] Goldsmith 1810, p. 159.

[15] Various sources give different figures:

[16] Goadby, Peter (1963). Sharks and Other Marine Predators. Melbourne: Jacaranda Press. hlm. 22.

[17] Orr 1865, p. 50.

[18] Yarrell 1841, p. 172.

[19] Dixon, C. C. (November 1925). "The Sargasso Sea". The Geographical Journal. 66 (5): 440. doi:10.2307/1782665. JSTOR 1782665. They take the hook readily, but go quite insane when hooked, and are difficult to land in spite of their size, 6 to 16 inches.

[20] Stafford-Deitsch, Jeremy (2000). Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Trident Press. hlm. 32. ISBN 1-900724-45-6.

[21] Webster, Stephen (2003). Thinking about Biology. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 24. ISBN 0-521-59059-0.

[22] Couch 1863, p. 110–111.

[23] Murray, Hugh; Wilson, James; Greville, R. K.; Jameson, Robert; Ainslie, Whitelaw; Rhind, William; Wallace, Prof.; Dalrymble, Clarence (1832). Historical and Descriptive Account of British India, from the Most Remote Period to the Present Time. J. & J. Harper. hlm. 337.

[24] Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1848). History of Barbados: Comprising a Geographical and Statistical Description of the Island. hlm. 669. ISBN 0-7146-1948-5.

[25] Gudger, E. W. (March 1929). "Some Instances of Supposed Sympathy Among Fishes". The Scientific Monthly. 28 (3): 267. Bibcode:1929SciMo..28..266G.

[26] Filhol, H. (May 23, 1884). "The Deep-Sea Fishes Collected by the Talisman". Science. 3 (68): 623–8. Bibcode:1884Sci.....3..623.. doi:10.1126/science.ns-3.68.623. PMID 17844329. It seems that Naucrates acts as a guide for the sharks, and that the latter, in recognition of its services, never pursue it.

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