Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi Dinasti Han

Lampu minyak perunggu yang bersepuh dari abad ke-2 SM, ditemukan di makam Dou Wan, istri Pangeran Liu Sheng (meninggal 113 SM). Lampu minyak berbentuk hamba wanita ini memiliki penutup yang bisa dipakai untuk menyesuaikan arah dan kecerahan cahaya, dan pada saat yang sama juga memerangkap asap di dalam benda ini.

Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) di Tiongkok telah berhasil mencapai berbagai kemajuan teknologi, contohnya adalah pembuatan baja dan besi tempa dengan metode penempaan finery forge. Orang Han juga sudah bisa mengebor lubang yang dalam untuk mengambil air garam yang kemudian diuapkan untuk menghasilkan garam.

Dalam bidang matematika, orang Han telah menemukan konsep akar kuadrat, akar pangkat tiga, teorema Pythagoras, eliminasi Gauss, dan bilangan negatif.

Pada masa Han juga terdapat seorang cendekiawan yang bernama Zhang Heng yang dikenal sebagai pembuat seismometer yang dapat mendeteksi gempa bumi yang terjadi ratusan kilometer jauhnya. Selain itu, ia pernah membuat bola armiler yang merepresentasikan pergerakan benda-benda langit dalam ranah tiga dimensi. Ia menghasilkan gerak rotasi pada bola tersebut dengan menggunakan jam air dan roda air.

Daftar pustaka

• Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000). China in World History. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22565-2.
• Arndt, Jörg, and Christoph Haenel. (2001). Pi Unleashed. Translated by Catriona and David Lischka. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-66572-2.
• Balchin, Jon. (2003). Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World. New York: Enchanted Lion Books. ISBN 1-59270-017-9.
• Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (2007). Artisans in Early Imperial China. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98713-8.
• Berggren, Lennart, Jonathan M. Borwein, and Peter B. Borwein. (2004). Pi: A Source Book. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-20571-3.
• Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Block, Leo. (2003). To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-209-9.
• Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11004-9
• Buisseret, David. (1998). Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07993-7.
• Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11534-0.
• Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu (1972), Dull, Jack, ed., Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-95068-6 .
• Chung, Chee Kit. (2005). "Longyamen is Singapore: The Final Proof?," in Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-329-4.
• Cotterell, Maurice. (2004). The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army. Rochester: Bear and Company. ISBN 1-59143-033-X.
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. (2006). Readings in Han Chinese Thought. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-87220-710-2.
• Cullen, Christoper. (2006). Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The Zhou Bi Suan Jing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-03537-6.
• Day, Lance and Ian McNeil. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
• Dauben, Joseph W. (2007). "Chinese Mathematics" in The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, 187–384. Edited by Victor J. Katz. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11485-4.
• de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-15605-4.
• Deng, Yingke. (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社). ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
• Dewar, Richard. (2002). Stoneware. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1837-X.
• Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77064-5.
• Ebrey, Patricia. (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Later Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 608–648. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Ebrey, Patricia. (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X.
• Fairbank, John K. and Merle Goldman. (1998). China: A New History, Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-11673-9.
• Fong, Mary H. "Antecedents of Sui-Tang Burial Practices in Shaanxi," Artibus Asiae (Volume 51, Number 3/4, 1991): 147–198.
• Greenberger, Robert. (2006). The Technology of Ancient China. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 1-4042-0558-6.
• Hansen, Valerie. (2000). The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-97374-3.
• Hargett, James M. "Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Volume 56, Number 2, 1996): 405–442.
• Hinsch, Bret. (2002). Women in Imperial China. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7425-1872-8.
• Hiromi, Kinoshita. (2005). "Storehouse model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 290–291. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Hsu, Cho-yun (1980). Han Agriculture: The Formation of Early Chinese Agrarian Economy, 206 B.C.-A.D. 220. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95676-3. .
• Hsu, Elisabeth. (2001). "Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing," in Innovations in Chinese Medicine, 51–92. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80068-4.
• Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," Imago Mundi (Volume 45, 1993): 90–100.
• Huang, Ray. (1988). China: A Macro History. Armonk & London: M.E. Sharpe Inc., an East Gate Book. ISBN 0-87332-452-8.
• Jin, Guantao, Fan Hongye, and Liu Qingfeng. (1996). "Historical Changes in the Structure of Science and Technology (Part Two, a Commentary)" in Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 165–184, edited by Fan Dainian and Robert S. Cohen, translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-3463-9.
• Juliano, Annette L. (2005). "Model of a farm compound with human figure, sow and suckling pig, chickens, trough, and basin," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 286–289. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Krebs, Robert E. (2003). The Basics of Earth Science. Westport: Greenwood Press of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-313-31930-8.
• Lander, Brian. “State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region.” T’oung Pao 100.4–5 (2014): 325–62.
• Lin, Yun. "History of the Crossbow," in Chinese Classics & Culture, 1993, No. 4: 33–37.
• Liu, Cary Y. (2005). "Green-glazed wellhead," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 292–295. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Liu, Guilin, Feng Lisheng, Jiang Airong, and Zheng Xiaohui. (2003). "The Development of E-Mathematics Resources at Tsinghua University Library (THUL)" in Electronic Information and Communication in Mathematics, 1–13. Edited by Bai Fengshan and Bern Wegner. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-40689-1.
• Liu, Xujie (2002). "The Qin and Han Dynasties" in Chinese Architecture, 33–60. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.
• Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard. (1996). Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55695-3.
• Lo, Vivienne. (2001). "The influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Western Han acumoxa therapy," in Innovation in Chinese Medicine, 19–50. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80068-4.
• Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-87220-758-7.
• Loewe, Michael. (1994). Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45466-2.
• Mao, Ying. "Introduction of Crossbow Mechanism," in Southeast Culture, 1998, No. 3: 109–117. ISSN 1001-179X.
• McClain, Ernest G. and Ming Shui Hung. "Chinese Cyclic Tunings in Late Antiquity," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May, 1979): 205–224.
• Minford, John and Joseph S.M. Lau. (2002). Classical Chinese literature: an anthology of translations. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-09676-3.
• Morton, W. Scott and Charlton M. Lewis. (2005). China: Its History and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-141279-4.
• Mott, Lawrence V. (1991). The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-723-7.
• Needham, Joseph. (1972). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations. London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05799-X.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986a). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05801-5.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986b). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05802-3.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986c). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986d). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-07060-0.
• Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin. (1986e). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-08690-6.
• Needham, Joseph. (1986f). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-30358-3.
• Nishijima, Sadao. (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Former Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 545–607. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
• Omura, Yoshiaki. (2003). Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-42850-8.
• Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0.
• Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: 4 (an abridgement of Joseph Needham's work). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32995-7.
• Shen, Kangshen, John N. Crossley and Anthony W.C. Lun. (1999). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853936-3.
• Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History," The Art Bulletin (Volume 86, Number 2, 2004): 228–254.
• Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Pleasure tower model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 275–281. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Steinhardt, Nancy N. (2005). "Tower model," in Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines', 283–285. Edited by Naomi Noble Richard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
• Straffin, Philip D., Jr. "Liu Hui and the First Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics," Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jun., 1998): 163–181.
• Sun, Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker. (1997). The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Leiden, New York, Köln: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
• Swann, Nancy Lee (1974). Food & Money in Ancient China: The Earliest Economic History of China to A.D. 25. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 0374962022. .
• Temple, Robert. (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. With a foreword by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.
• Thorp, Robert L. "Architectural Principles in Early Imperial China: Structural Problems and Their Solution," The Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Sep., 1986): pp. 360–378.
• Tom, K.S. (1989). Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1285-9.
• Turnbull, Stephen R. (2001). Siege Weapons of the Far East. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-339-X.
• Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-386-1.
• Wagner, Donald B. (1993). Iron and Steel in Ancient China: Second Impression, With Corrections. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09632-9.
• Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6.
• Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). Han Civilization. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02723-0.
• Watson, William. (2000). The Arts of China to AD 900. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08284-3.
• Woodman, Richard. (2002). The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1-58574-621-5.
• Wright, David Curtis. (2001) The History of China. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30940-X.
• You, Zhanhong. "The Making Technique and Its Application in Military of Bow and Crossbow During Pre-Qin and Han Dynasty," in Journal of Tsinghua University, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1994): 74–86. ISSN 1000-0062.