James II dari Inggris

James II & VII^[1]
James II & VII
Raja Inggris, Skotlandia dan Irlandia (lainnya...)
Berkuasa	6 Februari 1685 – 11 Desember 1688
Penobatan	23 April 1685
Pendahulu	Charles II
Penerus	William III & II dan Mary II
Kelahiran	14 Oktober 1633 (umur 391); St. James's Palace, London
Kematian	16 September 1701 (umur 67); Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Prancis
Pemakaman	Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Pasangan	Anne Hyde; m. 1660; dec. 1671; Mary dari Modena; m. 1673; wid. 1701
Keturunan; among others	Mary II; Anne dari Britania Raya; James FitzJames, Adipati Berwick ke-1; James, Pangeran dari Wales; Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart
Wangsa	Wangsa Stuart
Ayah	Charles I dari Inggris
Ibu	Henriette Marie dari Prancis
Tanda tangan

James II & VII (14 Oktober 1633 – 16 September 1701)^[2] adalah Raja Inggris dan Raja Irlandia sebagai James II dan Raja Skotlandia sebagai James VII,^[1] sejak 6 Februari 1685. Ia merupakan raja Katolik terakhir yang berkuasa di Kerajaan Inggris, Skotlandia dan Irlandia. Semakin banyak pemimpin politik dan keagamaan Britania yang menentangnya karena terlalu pro-Prancis, pro-Katolik, dan menyelenggarakan kerajaan absolut. Ketika ia memiliki keturunan Katolik, ketegangan meledak dan para pemimpin meminta William III dari Oranje (putra ipar dan keponakannya) untuk mengirimkan tentara dari Belanda. James melarikan diri dari Inggris (dan turun takhta) pada Revolusi Agung 1688.^[3] Ia digantikan oleh William dari Oranje yang menjadi raja dengan sebutan William III, berkuasa bersama istrinya (putri James) Mary II. Sehingga William dan Mary, keduanya Protestan, menjadi pemimpin gabungan pada 1689. James melakukan satu usaha serius untuk merebut kembali takhtanya, ketika ia mendarat di Irlandia pada 1689, tetapi setelah kekalahan pasukan Jakobit oleh Pasukan Williamit pada Pertempuran Boyne musim panas 1690, James kembali ke Prrancis. Ia tinggal sepanjang hidupnya sebagai peniru di pengadilan yang dibantu oleh sepupu dan sekutunya, Raja Louis XIV.

James menjadi Raja setelah kematian kakaknya Charles II dari Inggris , terkenal karena keyakinannya atas monarki absolut dan usahanya untuk menciptakan kebebasan beragama sebagai agenda utama yang berlawanan dengan keinginan Parlemen Inggris. Parlemen menentang pertumbuhan absolutisme yang sedang terjadi di negara-negara Eropa, juga kegagalan supremasi hukum untuk Gereja Inggris, dan melihat penentangan mereka sebagai cara untuk melindungi kebebasan tradisional Inggris. Ketegangan ini menyebabkan kekuasaan empat tahun James menjadi perjuangan supremasi antara Parlemen Inggris dan Kerajaan yang berujung pada penurunan takhtanya, pengesahan Undang-Undang Hak Asasi Manusia Inggris dan suksesi Hanover.

Lihat pula

Touch Pieces

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b Di Skotlandia, ia disebut James VII, sebelumnya ada enam raja di negara itu yang bernama James.
^ An assertion found in many sources that James II died 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 New Style) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 New Style falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.
^ Parlemen Inggris mengakui James turun takhta pada 11 Desember 1688. Parlemen Skotlandia pada 11 April 1689 menyatakan ia turun takhta.

Bahan pustaka

Ashley, Maurice, The Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00896-2.
Belloc, Hilaire, James the Second, J.B. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia 1928, popular; Catholic perspective
Callow, John, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King, Sutton Publishing, Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2398-9.
Clarke, James S. (Editor), The Life of James II, London, 1816
Dekrey, Gary S. "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain," History Compass 2008 6(3): 738-773,
Devine, T. M., The Scottish Nation 1700-2007, Penguin Books, London, 2006. ISBN 0-14-102769-X
Glassey, Lionel, ed. The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II (1997)
Goodlad, Graham. " Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy?," History Review. Issue: 58; 2007. pp 10+. Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II. in Questia
Hallam, Henry, The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II, W. Clowes & Sons, London, 1855.
Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0-7139-9759-1.
"James II," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London, 1911: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, J. R. The Revolution of 1688 in England, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988. ISBN 0-297-99467-0.
Kenyon, J.P., The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary, 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986. ISBN 0-521-31327-9.
MacLeod, John, Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807, Hodder and Stoughton, London 1999. ISBN 0-340-70767-4.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Popular Edition in Two Volumes. Longmans, London 1889.
Miller, John. James II (3rd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search, Miller sees James as more interested in his own survival and tolerance for Catholics and suggests he did not have a grand plan to Catholicize England
Miller, John. The Stuarts (2004), 320pp; standard scholarly survei
Miller, John. The Glorious Revolution, (2nd ed. 1997) excerpt and text search
McFerran, Noel S. (2003). "James II and VII."
Mullett, M. James II and English Politics 1678-1688 (1993) excerpt and text search
Pincus, Steve. 1688: The First Modern Revolution (2009) excerpt and text search, influential new interpretation
Prall, Stuart, The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688, Anchor Books, Garden City, New York 1972.
Royle, Trevor, The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660, Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0-312-29293-7.
Sowerby, Scott, "Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II's Toleration Campaign," English Historical Review, vol. 124 (2009), pp. 29–52.
Speck, W.A. James II (2002), argues James did not seek to impose Catholicism, but his ambitions went far beyond equal treatment for Catholics.
Turner, Francis C., James II, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1948
Waller, Maureen, Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2002. ISBN 0-312-30711-X.

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King James II on Find-A-Grave

[james7-1] Di Skotlandia, ia disebut James VII, sebelumnya ada enam raja di negara itu yang bernama James.

[2] An assertion found in many sources that James II died 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 New Style) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 New Style falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.

[3] Parlemen Inggris mengakui James turun takhta pada 11 Desember 1688. Parlemen Skotlandia pada 11 April 1689 menyatakan ia turun takhta.

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