Kesadaran situasi

Kesadaran situasi atau kesadaran situasional (bahasa Inggris: situational awareness, disingkat SA) adalah persepsi terhadap elemen lingkungan dan peristiwa yang terjadi dengan acuan ruang dan waktu, disertai dengan pemahaman maknanya dan perkiraan statusnya di masa depan.^[1]

Kesadaran situasi telah dianggap sebagai suatu hal yang sangat penting, tetapi sulit dipahami, dalam mencapai keberhasilan dalam pengambilan keputusan di berbagai bidang. Beberapa bidang yang membutuhkan kesadaran situasi bahkan berkaitan dengan keselamatan nyawa manusia dan properti, seperti penegakan hukum, penerbangan, pemandu lalu lintas udara, navigasi kapal,^[2] kesehatan,^[3] respons kejadian darurat, operasi militer, pertahanan diri,^[4] serta pengelolaan tambang lepas pantai dan pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir.^[5] Kurangnya kesadaran situasi telah teridentifikasi sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab utama kelalaian manusia yang dapat berujung pada kecelakaan.^[6]^[7]^[2]

Definisi formal kesadaran ini dibagi menjadi tiga segmen, yakni persepsi tentang berbagai elemen di lingkungan sekitar, pemahaman situasi, dan perkiraan statusnya di masa depan.^[8] Tiga aspek kesadaran situasi telah menjadi fokus penelitian, yakni keadaannya, prosesnya, dan sistemnya. Keadaan SA merujuk pada kesadaran aktual terhadap situasi. Sistem SA merujuk pada penyebaran kesadaran situasi dalam kelompok dan antarobjek dalam suatu lingkungan dan pertukaran antarbagian sebuah sistem. Proses SA merujuk pada perubahan keadaan SA dan apa saja yang memengaruhi perubahannya.^[9]

Referensi

Catatan kaki

^ Endsley 1995b, hlm. 36.
^ ^a ^b Nullmeyer, R.T., Stella, D., Montijo, G.A., & Harden, S.W. (2005). Human factors in Air Force flight mishaps: Implications for change. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (paper no. 2260). Arlington, VA: National Training Systems Association.
^ Schulz, CM; Endsley, MR; Kochs, EF; Gelb, AW; Wagner, KJ (Mar 2013). "Situation Awareness in Anesthesia - Concept and Research". Anesthesiology. 118 (3): 729–42. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318280a40f . PMID 23291626.
^ Blandford, A.; Wong, W. (2004). "Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch". International Journal of Human–Computer Studies. 61 (4): 421–452. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.12.012. ; Gorman, Jamie C.; Cooke, Nancy J.; Winner, Jennifer L. (2006). "Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments". Ergonomics. 49 (12–13): 1312–1325. doi:10.1080/00140130600612788. PMID 17008258.
^ Flin, R. & O'Connor, P. (2001). Applying crew resource management in offshore oil platforms. In E. Salas, C.A. Bowers, & E. Edens (Eds.), Improving teamwork in organization: Applications of resource management training (pp. 217–233). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
^ Hartel, C.E.J., Smith, K., & Prince, C. (1991, April). Defining aircrew coordination: Searching mishaps for meaning. Paper presented at the 6th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH.
^ Merket, D.C., Bergondy, M., & Cuevas-Mesa, H. (1997, March). Making sense out of teamwork errors in complex environments. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Industrial/Organizational-Organizational Behavior Graduate Student Conference, Roanoke, VA.
^ Endsley, Micah; Jones, Debra (2016-04-19). Designing for Situation Awareness (edisi ke-Second). CRC Press. hlm. 13. ISBN 978-1-4200-6358-5.
^ Lundberg, Jonas (16 February 2015). "Situation awareness systems, states and processes: a holistic framework". Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. Informa UK Limited. 16 (5): 447–473. doi:10.1080/1463922x.2015.1008601. ISSN 1463-922X.

Daftar pustaka

Banbury, S.; Tremblay, S. (2004). A cognitive approach to situation awareness: Theory and application. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 317–341.
Endsley, M.R. (1995a). "Measurement of situation awareness in dynamic systems". Human Factors. 37 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1518/001872095779049499.
Endsley, M.R. (1995b). "Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems". Human Factors. 37 (1): 32–64. doi:10.1518/001872095779049543.
Endsley, M.R.; Jones, W.M. (1997), Situation awareness, information dominance, and information warfare (No. AL/CF-TR-1997-0156), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Endsley, M.R.; Jones, W.M. (2001). "A model of inter- and intrateam situation awareness: Implications for design, training and measurement". Dalam M. McNeese; E. Salas; M. Endsley. New trends in cooperative activities: Understanding system dynamics in complex environments. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Flach, J.M. (1995). "Situation awareness: Proceed with caution". Human Factors. 37 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1518/001872095779049480.
Klein, G.; Moon, B; Hoffman, R.R. (2006). "Making sense of sensemaking 1: Alternative perspectives". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 21 (4): 70–73. doi:10.1109/mis.2006.75.
Smith, K.; Hancock, P.A. (1995). "Situation awareness is adaptive, externally directed consciousness". Human Factors. 37 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1518/001872095779049444.

Bacaan lanjutan

Adam, E.C. (1993). Fighter cockpits of the future. Proceedings of 12th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 318–323.
Dominguez, C., Vidulich, M., Vogel, E. & McMillan, G. (1994). Situation awareness: Papers and annotated bibliography. Armstrong Laboratory, Human System Center, ref. AL/CF-TR-1994-0085.
Endsley, M.R. (1988). Situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT). Proceedings of the National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), 789–795. New York: IEEE. DOI:10.1109/NAECON.1988.195097
Jeannot, E.; Kelly, C.; Thompson, D. (2003), The development of situation awareness measures in ATM systems (PDF), Brussels: Eurocontrol, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-03-19
Moray, N. (2004). Ou sont les neiges d'antan? ("Where are the snows of yesteryear?"). In D.A. Vincenzi, M. Mouloua & P.A. Hancock (Eds), Human performance, situation awareness and automation: Current research and trends (pp. 1–31). Mahwah: LEA.

Pranala luar

FDSE's COP Page

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[FOOTNOTEEndsley1995b36-1] Endsley 1995b, hlm. 36.

[Nullmeyer_2005-2] Nullmeyer, R.T., Stella, D., Montijo, G.A., & Harden, S.W. (2005). Human factors in Air Force flight mishaps: Implications for change. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (paper no. 2260). Arlington, VA: National Training Systems Association.

[3] Schulz, CM; Endsley, MR; Kochs, EF; Gelb, AW; Wagner, KJ (Mar 2013). "Situation Awareness in Anesthesia - Concept and Research". Anesthesiology. 118 (3): 729–42. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318280a40f . PMID 23291626.

[4] Blandford, A.; Wong, W. (2004). "Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch". International Journal of Human–Computer Studies. 61 (4): 421–452. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.12.012. ; Gorman, Jamie C.; Cooke, Nancy J.; Winner, Jennifer L. (2006). "Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments". Ergonomics. 49 (12–13): 1312–1325. doi:10.1080/00140130600612788. PMID 17008258.

[5] Flin, R. & O'Connor, P. (2001). Applying crew resource management in offshore oil platforms. In E. Salas, C.A. Bowers, & E. Edens (Eds.), Improving teamwork in organization: Applications of resource management training (pp. 217–233). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

[6] Hartel, C.E.J., Smith, K., & Prince, C. (1991, April). Defining aircrew coordination: Searching mishaps for meaning. Paper presented at the 6th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH.

[7] Merket, D.C., Bergondy, M., & Cuevas-Mesa, H. (1997, March). Making sense out of teamwork errors in complex environments. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Industrial/Organizational-Organizational Behavior Graduate Student Conference, Roanoke, VA.

[8] Endsley, Micah; Jones, Debra (2016-04-19). Designing for Situation Awareness (edisi ke-Second). CRC Press. hlm. 13. ISBN 978-1-4200-6358-5.

[Lundberg,_2015-9] Lundberg, Jonas (16 February 2015). "Situation awareness systems, states and processes: a holistic framework". Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. Informa UK Limited. 16 (5): 447–473. doi:10.1080/1463922x.2015.1008601. ISSN 1463-922X.

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