Keteraturan mandiri

Keteraturan mandiri dalam kubus-kubus Nb₃O₇(OH) berukuran mikron selama sintesis kristal melalui hidrotermal pada suhu 200 °C. Awalnya nirwujud, perlahan berubah menjadi jejaring kawat nano teratur seperti yang ditunjukkan pada model di bawah.

Keteraturan mandiri, atau yang juga dikenal sebagai keteraturan spontan dalam ilmu sosial, adalah sebuah proses dimana suatu wujud keteraturan muncul dari interaksi-interaksi lokal diantara bagian-bagian dari sistem yang tak teratur. Proses ini dapat terjadi secara spontan bila energi yang cukup tersedia, tidak dibutuhkan kendali dari suatu agen eksternal. Biasanya hal ini dipicu oleh fluktuasi-fluktuasi yang tampaknya acak, diperkuat oleh timbal balik positif. Keteraturan yang dihasilkan semuanya tidak terpusat, tersebar di seluruh komponen-komponen sistem. Oleh karena itu, keteraturannya "tangguh" dan dapat sintas atau memperbaiki dirinya sendiri dari gangguan yang substansial. Teori kekacauan membahas keteraturan mandiri dalam lingkup pulau prediktabilitas dalam lautan ketidakprediktabilitas yang kacau.

Keteraturan mandiri terjadi di banyak sistem-sistem fisik, kimiawi, biologis, robotik dan kognitif. Contoh dari keteraturan mandiri mencakup kristalisasi, konveksi termal pada fluida, osilasi kimia, kerumunan hewan, sirkuit neural dan pasar gelap.

Bacaan lanjut

• W. Ross Ashby (1966), Design for a Brain, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition.
• Per Bak (1996), How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality, Copernicus Books.
• Philip Ball (1999), The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature, Oxford University Press.
• Stafford Beer, Self-organization as autonomy: Brain of the Firm 2nd edition Wiley 1981 and Beyond Dispute Wiley 1994.
• Adrian Bejan (2000), Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 324 pp.
• Mark Buchanan (2002), Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks W. W. Norton & Company.
• Scott Camazine, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Nigel R. Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Theraulaz, & Eric Bonabeau (2001) Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton Univ Press.
• Falko Dressler (2007), Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks Diarsipkan April 19, 2018, di Wayback Machine., Wiley & Sons.
• Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster (1979), The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization, Springer.
• Myrna Estep (2003), A Theory of Immediate Awareness: Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Myrna L. Estep (2006), Self-Organizing Natural Intelligence: Issues of Knowing, Meaning, and Complexity, Springer-Verlag.
• J. Doyne Farmer et al. (editors) (1986), "Evolution, Games, and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature", in: Physica D, Vol 22.
• Carlos Gershenson and Francis Heylighen (2003). "When Can we Call a System Self-organizing?" In Banzhaf, W, T. Christaller, P. Dittrich, J. T. Kim, and J. Ziegler, Advances in Artificial Life, 7th European Conference, ECAL 2003, Dortmund, Germany, pp. 606–14. LNAI 2801. Springer.
• Hermann Haken (1983) Synergetics: An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transition and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition, Springer-Verlag.
• F.A. Hayek Law, Legislation and Liberty, RKP, UK.
• Francis Heylighen (2001): "The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity".
• Arthur Iberall (2016), Homeokinetics: The Basics, Strong Voices Publishing, Medfield, Massachusetts.
• Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen (1998), Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behaviour in Physical and Biological Systems, Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics 10, Cambridge University Press.
• Steven Berlin Johnson (2001), Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software.
• Stuart Kauffman (1995), At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press.
• Stuart Kauffman (1993), Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution Oxford University Press.
• J. A. Scott Kelso (1995), Dynamic Patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
• J. A. Scott Kelso & David A Engstrom (2006), "The Complementary Nature", The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
• Alex Kentsis (2004), Self-organization of biological systems: Protein folding and supramolecular assembly, Ph.D. Thesis, New York University.
• E.V. Krishnamurthy (2009)", Multiset of Agents in a Network for Simulation of Complex Systems", in "Recent advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and synchronization, (NDS-1) – Theory and applications, Springer Verlag, New York, 2009. Eds. K.Kyamakya, et al.
• Paul Krugman (1996), The Self-Organizing Economy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
• Elizabeth McMillan (2004) "Complexity, Organizations and Change".
• Marshall, A (2002) The Unity of Nature, Imperial College Press: London (esp. chapter 5)
• Müller, J.-A., Lemke, F. (2000), Self-Organizing Data Mining.
• Gregoire Nicolis and Ilya Prigogine (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems, Wiley.
• Heinz Pagels (1988), The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity, Simon & Schuster.
• Gordon Pask (1961), The cybernetics of evolutionary processes and of self organizing systems, 3rd. International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Association Internationale de Cybernetique.
• Christian Prehofer ea. (2005), "Self-Organization in Communication Networks: Principles and Design Paradigms", in: IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2005.
• Mitchell Resnick (1994), Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds, Complex Adaptive Systems series, MIT Press.
• Lee Smolin (1997), The Life of the Cosmos Oxford University Press.
• Ricard V. Solé and Brian C. Goodwin (2001), Signs of Life: How Complexity Pervades Biology], Basic Books.
• Ricard V. Solé and Jordi Bascompte (2006), in Complex Ecosystems, Princeton U. Press
• Soodak, Harry; Iberall, Arthur (1978). "Homeokinetics: A Physical Science for Complex Systems". Science. 201 (4356): 579–582. Bibcode:1978Sci...201..579S. doi:10.1126/science.201.4356.579. PMID 17794110. 
• Steven Strogatz (2004), Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order, Thesis.
• D'Arcy Thompson (1917), On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dover Publications edition.
• J. Tkac, J Kroc (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence "(open source software)" "Video – Simulation of DRX"
• Tom De Wolf, Tom Holvoet (2005), Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined, In Engineering Self Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 3464, pp. 1–15.
• K. Yee (2003), "Ownership and Trade from Evolutionary Games", International Review of Law and Economics, 23.2, 183–197.
• Louise B. Young (2002), The Unfinished Universe