Konflik perbatasan Korea–Jurchen

Konflik perbatasan Korea–Jurchen
	; Lukisan sejarah yang menggambarkan adegan Yun Kwan dari Goryeo menaklukkan orang Jurchen dan mendirikan monumen untuk menandai perbatasan.
Tanggal	Abad ke-10 – abad ke-17
Lokasi	Semenanjung Korea timur laut
Hasil	Goryeo: Buntu; Joseon: Awalnya menang lalu dikalahkan oleh Jin Akhir
Perubahan; wilayah	Korea menganeksasi seluruh semenanjung dengan penaklukkan Hamgyong.
Pihak terlibat
Goryeo; Joseon	Orang Jurchen; Dinasti Jin; Dinasti Jin Akhir
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Yun Kwan; Kim Jong-seo	Wuyashu; Amin

Konflik perbatasan Korea–Jurchen adalah serangkaian konflik dari abad ke-10 hingga abad ke-17 antara negara orang Korea yaitu Goryeo dan Joseon melawan orang Jurchen.

Latar belakang

Pada 993, tanah antara perbatasan Liao dan Goryeo diduduki oleh puak-puak Jurchen yang sering merusuh, tetapi diplomat Goryeo yang bernama Sŏ Hŭi mampu bernegosiasi dengan Liao dan memperoleh tanah itu sampai ke Sungai Yalu, menyebut bahwa pada masa lalu itu adalah milik Goguryeo, pendahulu dari Goryeo.^[2]^[3]

Baik sisa-sisa Balhae dan puak-puak lain seperti orang Jurchen hidup di wilayah antara sungai Yalu dan Daedong yang menjadi sasaran aneksasi oleh Goryeo.^[4]

Periode Goryeo

Orang Jurchen di daerah Sungai Yalu adalah pembayar upeti kepada Goryeo sejak masa pemerintahan Wang Kŏn, yang memerintahkan mereka selama perang-perang periode Tiga Kerajaan Akhir, tetapi orang Jurchen berpindah kesetiaan antara Liao dan Goryeo beberapa kali, memanfaatkan ketegangan antara dua negara itu; menimbulkan potensi ancaman terhadap keamanan perbatasan Goryeo, orang Jurchen membayar upeti kepada istana Goryeo, mengharapkan hadiah mewah sebagai balasan, yang merupakan kebiasaan tatanan sinosfer pada masa itu.^[5]

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ Hyŏn-hŭi Yi; Sŏng-su Pak; Nae-hyŏn Yun (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. hlm. 288. ISBN 978-89-88095-85-0.
^ Yun 1998, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sô Hûi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch’ôngch’ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory."
^ “自契丹东京至我安北府数百里之地,皆为生女真所据。光宗取之,筑嘉州、松城等城,今契丹之来,其志不过取北二城,其声言取高勾丽旧地者,实恐我也”(高丽史)
^ Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (25 November 1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 100–. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
^ Breuker 2010, pp. 220-221. "The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield."

Sumber

Sejarah Goryeo
Breuker, Remco E. (2010), Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty, 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library, Leiden, Holland Selatan: Brill, hlm. 220-221, ISBN 978-9004183254
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976), Goodrich, Luther Carrington, ed., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, 2 (edisi ke-illustrated), Columbia University Press, hlm. 1066, ISBN 023103833X
Peterson, Willard J., ed. (2002), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Pt. 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 13, 31, ISBN 0-521-24334-3
Robinson, Kenneth R.. 1992. "From Raiders to Traders: Border Security and Border Control in Early Chosŏn, 1392—1450". Korean Studies 16. University of Hawai'i Press: 94–115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23720024.
Seth, Michael J. (2006), A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century, Rowman & Littlefield, hlm. 138, ISBN 978-0-7425-4005-7
Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010), A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, hlm. 144, ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7
Rossabi, Morris (1998), "The Ming and Inner Asia", dalam Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge, Inggris: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 221–71, ISBN 0521243335
Yun, Peter I. (1998). Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600 (Tesis Ph.D.). ISBN 9780599031203. https://books.google.com/books?id=77iJygAACAAJ. .
Zhang Feng (2008), "Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations", International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science: 29, 30, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 April 2014, diakses tanggal 18 April 2014, Paper presented to ISA's 49th Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26–29, 2008

[YiPak2005-1] Hyŏn-hŭi Yi; Sŏng-su Pak; Nae-hyŏn Yun (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. hlm. 288. ISBN 978-89-88095-85-0.

[2] Yun 1998, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sô Hûi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch’ôngch’ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory."

[3] “自契丹东京至我安北府数百里之地,皆为生女真所据。光宗取之,筑嘉州、松城等城,今契丹之来,其志不过取北二城,其声言取高勾丽旧地者,实恐我也”(高丽史)

[TwitchettFranke1994-4] Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (25 November 1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 100–. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.

[Breuker_2010-5] Breuker 2010, pp. 220-221. "The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield."

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