Penyiksaan dan pelecehan tahanan Abu Ghraib

Salah satu foto penyiksaan yang tersebar ke publik

Sabrina Harman berpose di atas mayat Manadel al-Jamadi, setelah dia disiksa sampai mati oleh personel CIA

Selama tahap awal Perang Irak, serdadu Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat dan CIA melakukan serangkaian pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan kejahatan perang terhadap tahanan di penjara Abu Ghraib, Irak. Mereka terindikasi melakukan pelecehan fisik dan seksual, penyiksaan, pemerkosaan, sodomi, dan pembunuhan terhadap Manadel al-Jamadi.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Pelanggaran tersebut menjadi perhatian publik setelah publikasi foto-foto pelecehan oleh CBS News pada bulan April 2004. Insiden tersebut menyebabkan kejutan dan kemarahan publik, serta menuai kecaman luas, baik di Amerika Serikat maupun dunia internasional.^[5]

Menanggapi peristiwa di Abu Ghraib, Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat mencopot 17 tentara dan perwira dari tugasnya. Sebelas tentara didakwa dengan kelalaian tugas, penganiayaan, penyerangan dan baterai. Antara Mei 2004 hingga April 2006, para prajurit ini diadili di pengadilan militer, dihukum, dijatuhi hukuman penjara militer, dan diberhentikan secara tidak hormat dari dinas. Dua tentara, yang ditemukan telah melakukan banyak pelanggaran terburuk di penjara, Spesialis Charles Graner dan PFC Lynndie England, dikenakan dakwaan yang lebih berat dan menerima hukuman yang lebih berat. Graner dihukum atas penyerangan, baterai, konspirasi, penganiayaan terhadap tahanan, melakukan tindakan tidak senonoh serta melalaikan tugas; dia divonis 10 tahun penjara dan kehilangan pangkat, gaji dan tunjangan.^[6] England dihukum karena persekongkolan, menganiaya tahanan, serta melakukan tindakan tidak senonoh dan dijatuhi hukuman tiga tahun penjara.^[7] Brigadir Jenderal Janis Karpinski, komandan semua fasilitas penahanan di Irak, ditegur dan diturunkan pangkatnya menjadi kolonel. Beberapa personel militer lainnya yang dituduh melakukan atau mengizinkan tindakan tersebut, termasuk banyak dari mereka yang berpangkat lebih tinggi, tidak diadili. Pada tahun 2004, Presiden George W. Bush dan Menteri Pertahanan Donald Rumsfeld meminta maaf atas insiden pelanggaran Abu Ghraib ini.

Referensi

^ Hersh, Seymour M. (May 17, 2004). "Chain of Command". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 1, 2012. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2011. NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers 'severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and "acting inappropriately with a dead body." The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys.'
^ Benjamin, Mark (May 30, 2008). "Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama: The general told a U.K. paper about images he saw investigating Abu Ghraib – not photos Obama wants kept secret." Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 11, 2009. Diakses tanggal June 6, 2009. The paper quoted Taguba as saying, 'These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency.' ... The actual quote in the Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said – but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq
^ Hersh, Seymour Myron (June 25, 2007). "The General's Report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 12, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 17, 2007. Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee"
^ Walsh, Joan; Michael Scherer; Mark Benjamin; Page Rockwell; Jeanne Carstensen; Mark Follman; Page Rockwell; Tracy Clark-Flory (March 14, 2006). "Other government agencies". The Abu Ghraib files. Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 12, 2008. Diakses tanggal February 24, 2008. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology later ruled al-Jamadi's death a homicide, caused by 'blunt force injuries to the torso complicated by compromised respiration.'
^ Sontag, Susan (May 23, 2004). "Regarding The Torture Of Others". The New York Times Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 2, 2017.
^ "Graner gets 10 years for Abu Ghraib abuse". NBC News. Associated Press. January 6, 2005. Diakses tanggal March 20, 2021.
^ Dickerscheid, P.J. (June 29, 2009). "Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist". The Independent (Ashland, Kentucky). Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 10, 2020.

Sumber

Seymour M. Hersh (2004). Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-019591-6.
Master Sargeant Michael Clemens, Special Investigator (2010). The Secrets of Abu Ghraib Revealed: American Soldiers on Trial. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-441-7.
McChrystal, Stanley A. (2013). My share of the task: A memoir. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-475-4.
Greenberg, Karen J.; Dretel, Joshua L. (2005). The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521853248.

Bacaan lanjutan

Tucker, Bruce and Sia Triantafyllos (2008). "Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib, and the New Imperialism". Canadian Review of American Studies. 38 (1): 83–100. doi:10.3138/cras.38.1.83.
Clemens, Michael (2010). The Secrets of Abu Ghraib Revealed: American Soldiers on Trial. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-441-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 1, 2011. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2010.
Zimbardo, Philip (2007). The Lucifer effect: How good people turn evil. Rider. ISBN 978-1-84604-103-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 19, 2008. Diakses tanggal January 11, 2009.
Meštrović, Stjepan (January 8, 2016). The Trials of Abu Ghraib: An Expert Witness Account of Shame and Honor. ISBN 9781317250111.
Markovitz, Jonathan (June 2011). "New Media and Abu Ghraib". Racial Spectacles: Explorations in Media, Race, and Justice. ISBN 9781136911262.
U.S. government documents related to Abu Ghraib
Zimbardo, Philip (January 19, 2005). "You can't be a sweet cucumber in a vinegar barrel" (Wawancara). 'When you put that set of horrendous work conditions and external factors together, it creates an evil barrel,' writes the eminent situationist psychologist Philip Zimbardo, known for his famous Stanford Prison Experiment in the early 70s.
Moise, Edwin. "Bibliography: Iraq Wars: Prisons and Prisoner Abuse" – via clemson.edu.
Gourevitch, Philip; Errol Morris (2008). The Ballad of Abu Ghraib. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311539-7.

Pranala luar

Media tentang Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse di Wikimedia Commons
"Introduction: The Abu Ghraib files". Salon.com. March 14, 2006.
"Dateline, Abu Ghraib – The Sequel (Transcript)". Dateline. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 31, 2006 – via sbs.com.au.
The Torture Archive at The National Security Archive
Templat:JURISTtopic
"The Road to Abu Ghraib". Human Rights Watch. June 9, 2004. Diakses tanggal April 14, 2021.

Artikel bertopik hukum ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[New_Yorker_2004-05-17-1] Hersh, Seymour M. (May 17, 2004). "Chain of Command". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 1, 2012. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2011. NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers 'severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and "acting inappropriately with a dead body." The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys.'

[Benjamin2009-2] Benjamin, Mark (May 30, 2008). "Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama: The general told a U.K. paper about images he saw investigating Abu Ghraib – not photos Obama wants kept secret." Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 11, 2009. Diakses tanggal June 6, 2009. The paper quoted Taguba as saying, 'These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency.' ... The actual quote in the Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said – but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq

[hersh2007-3] Hersh, Seymour Myron (June 25, 2007). "The General's Report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties". The New Yorker. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 12, 2007. Diakses tanggal June 17, 2007. Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee"

[walsh2006-4] Walsh, Joan; Michael Scherer; Mark Benjamin; Page Rockwell; Jeanne Carstensen; Mark Follman; Page Rockwell; Tracy Clark-Flory (March 14, 2006). "Other government agencies". The Abu Ghraib files. Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 12, 2008. Diakses tanggal February 24, 2008. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology later ruled al-Jamadi's death a homicide, caused by 'blunt force injuries to the torso complicated by compromised respiration.'

[Sontag-5] Sontag, Susan (May 23, 2004). "Regarding The Torture Of Others". The New York Times Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 2, 2017.

[graner_gets_10_years-6] "Graner gets 10 years for Abu Ghraib abuse". NBC News. Associated Press. January 6, 2005. Diakses tanggal March 20, 2021.

[7] Dickerscheid, P.J. (June 29, 2009). "Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist". The Independent (Ashland, Kentucky). Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 10, 2020.

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