Pertempuran Bapheus
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| Pertempuran Bapheus | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagian dari Peperangan Romawi Timur-Utsmaniyah | |||||||
| |||||||
| Pihak terlibat | |||||||
 Byzantine Empire |
 Ottoman sultanate | ||||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
| George Mouzalon | Osman I | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
| ~2,000[2][3] | ~5,000 [3] | ||||||
Pertempuran Bapheus(Turki: Bafeus Muharebesi,[4][5] Koyun Hisar Muharebesi,[5][6] Koyunhisar Muharebesi,[5] Yalakova Muharebesi[7]) terjadi pada 27 Juli 1302 antara tentara Utsmaniyah dibawah Osman I dan Tentara Bizantium dibawah George Mouzalon. Pertempuran tersebut berakhir dengan kemenangan penting Utsmaniyah, memperkuat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dan menandai penaklukan terakhir Kekaisaran Bizantium oleh Turki. Menurut Halil İnalcık, Ottoman mencapai karakteristik dan kualitas negaranya setelah pertempuran ini
Konteks Strategis
[sunting | sunting sumber]Osman I telah berhasil dalam kepemimpinan klannya di ca. 1282, dan selama dua dekade berikutnya melancarkan serangkaian serangan yang semakin mendalam ke wilayah perbatasan Bizantium di Bitinia. Pada tahun 1301, Ottoman mengepung Nicea, bekas ibu kota kekaisaran, dan mengganggu Prussa. Penggerebekan Turki juga mengancam kota pelabuhan Nicomedia dengan kelaparan, karena mereka berkeliaran di pedesaan dan melarang pengumpulan hasil panen.
Pada musim semi 1302, Kaisar Michael IX (memerintah 1294–1320) melancarkan kampanye yang mencapai selatan hingga Magnesia. Turki, yang terpesona oleh pasukannya yang besar, menghindari pertempuran. Michael berusaha untuk menghadapi mereka, tetapi dibujuk oleh para jenderalnya. Orang-orang Turki, yang terdorong, melanjutkan serangan mereka, mengisolasi dia di Magnesia. Pasukannya dibubarkan tanpa pertempuran, ketika pasukan lokal pergi untuk mempertahankan rumah mereka dan suku Alan juga pergi untuk bergabung kembali dengan keluarga mereka di Thrace. Michael terpaksa mundur melalui laut, diikuti gelombang pengungsi lainnya.
Battle
[sunting | sunting sumber]To counter the threat to Nicomedia, Michael's co-emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) sent a Byzantine force of some 2,000 men (half of whom were recently hired Alan mercenaries), under the megas hetaireiarches George Mouzalon, to cross over the Bosporus and relieve the city.[3][8][9]
At the plain of Bapheus (bahasa Yunani: Βαφεύς; an unidentified site, perhaps to the east of Nicomedia but within sight of the city) on 27 July 1302, the Byzantines met a Turkish army of some 5,000 light cavalry under Osman himself, composed of his own troops as well as allies from the Turkish tribes of Paphlagonia and the Maeander River area. The Turkish cavalry charged the Byzantines, whose Alan contingent notably did not participate in the battle. The Turks broke the Byzantine line, forcing Mouzalon to withdraw into Nicomedia under the cover of the Alan force.[2][3][9][10]
Aftermath
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bapheus was the first major victory for the nascent Ottoman emirate, and of major significance for its future expansion: the Byzantines effectively lost control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to their forts, which, isolated, fell one by one. The Byzantine defeat also sparked a massive exodus of the Christian population from the area into the European parts of the Empire, further altering the region's demographic balance.[2] Coupled with the disaster of Magnesia, which allowed the Turks to reach and establish themselves on the coasts of the Aegean Sea, Bapheus thus heralded the final loss of Asia Minor for Byzantium.[11] The Ottoman conquest of Bithynia was nonetheless gradual, and the last Byzantine outpost there, Nicomedia, fell only in 1337.[12]
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Nicol, Donald M., Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 223.
- ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), p. 251
- ^ a b c d Bartusis (1997), p. 76
- ^ Halil İnalcık, "Osman Gazi'nin İznik Kuşatması ve Bafeus Muhaberesi", Osmanli Beyliği (1300-1389), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1997, ISBN 978-975-333-067-1, 97p.
- ^ a b c İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı, "Halil İnalcık'ın Keşifleri ve İki Örnek: Bafeus/Koyunhisar ve Pelekanon", Türk tarihçiliğinde dört sima: Halil İnalcık, Halil Sahillioğlu, Mehmet Genç, İlber Ortaylı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, 2006, p. 40. In books on history and text books, the Battle of Bafeus was mentioned in the way that Hammer had written many years before and confused with the Battle of Koyunhisar.
- ^ Sezai Sevim, Osman Gazi ve dönemi, Kültür Sanat Turizm Vakfı Yayınları, 1996, p. 17.
- ^ Payitaht Bursa'da kültür ve sanat: sempozyum kitabı, Osmangazi Belediyesi, 2006, ISBN 978-975-97781-9-4, p. 16.
- ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 251, 1421
- ^ a b Nicol (1993), p. 126
- ^ Laiou (1972), pp. 90–91
- ^ Laiou (1972), pp. 91, 122
- ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1484
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1620-2
- Inalcik, Halil (1994), "Osman Ghazi's Siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Bapheus", dalam Zachariadou, Elisabeth, The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Halcyon Days in Crete I: A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 11–13 January 1991 (PDF), Crete University Press, ISBN 960-7309-58-8, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-06-22, diakses tanggal 2012-10-31
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
- Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972), Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328, Harvard University Press, ISBN 674-16535-7 Periksa nilai: length
|isbn=(bantuan) - Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993), The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6