Pogrom Jedwabne
| Pogrom Jedwabne | |
|---|---|
| Bagian dari Perang Dunia II dan Holokaus | |
 | |
| Lokasi | Jedwabne, Pendudukan Polandia oleh Jerman |
| Koordinat | 53°17′20″N 22°18′34″E / 53.288792°N 22.309542°E |
| Tanggal | 10 Juli 1941 |
Jenis serangan | Pogrom/pembantaian |
Korban tewas | Sekitar 340 Yahudi Polandia[1] |
| Pelaku | Sekitar 40 etnis Polandia[1] |
| Motif | Antisemitisme, perampokan, retribusi kolektif, kolaborasi[2] |
| Pengadilan | Pengadilan 1949–1950, Republik Rakyat Polandia |
| Penyelidikan |
|
Pogrom Jedwabne adalah sebuah pembantaian Yahudi Polandia di kota Jedwabne, pendudukan Polandia oleh Jerman pada 10 Juli 1941, dalam Perang Dunia II dan tahap-tahap awal Holocaust.[3] Sekitar 340 pria, wanita dan anak-anak dibunuh, sekitar 300 orang diantaranya dikunci di sebuah gudang yang disulut api. Sekitar 40 orang Polandia non-Yahudi melakukan pembantaian tersebut;[a]
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Radosław J. Ignatiew (Public Prosecutor, Białystok, 9 July 2002): "A group of Jewish men ... were forced to break up the Lenin monument [that had been erected by the Soviets] ... The group may have comprised 40 to 50 men ... The manner in which the victims from that group were killed is unknown ... Another, larger group of Jewish people ... included several hundred persons, probably about 300, as confirmed by the number of victims in both graves ... That group comprised victims of both sexes, of different ages, including children and infants. The people were led into a wooden thatched barn ... After the building had been closed, it was set on fire ... The crime's perpetrators sensu stricto were Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne and men from nearby places—at least some forty men."[1]
Kutipan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Ignatiew 2002.
- ^ "All these acts had four elements in common: antisemitism prevalent in a significant part of the Polish population; looting Jewish property as one of the main motives for aggression; seeking retribution for real or imaginary Jewish cooperation with the Soviet occupant; German incitement – varying in different places, from direct organisation of pogroms to giving encouragement or condoning the behavior." "Pogrom in Jedwabne: Course of Events". POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 September 2019. Diakses tanggal 12 March 2018.
- ^ Gross 2001, hlm. 14–20; Stola 2003; Persak 2011.
Karya yang dikutip
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Baker, Julius; Tzinovitz, Moshe (1980). "My Hometown Yedwabne, Province of Lomza, Poland". Dalam Baker, Julius; Baker, Jacob. Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book. Jerusalem and New York: The Yedwabner Societies in Israel and the United States of America.
- Bikont, Anna (2015) [2004]. The Crime and the Silence: Confronting the Massacre of Jews in Wartime Jedwabne. Diterjemahkan oleh Alissa Valles. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-17879-6.
- Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-0803259799.
- Cienciala, Anna M. (2003). "The Jedwabne Massacre: Update and Review". The Polish Review. 48 (1): 49–72. JSTOR 25779370.
- Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2001). "Research Before Conclusion: The Problems of Shock Therapy in Jedwabne" (PDF). Glaukopis.
- Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005). The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-554-6.
- Crago, Laura (2012). "Jedwabne". Dalam Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. IIA. Bloomington and Indianapolis: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. hlm. 899–902. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
- Gross, Jan T. (2001). Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-14-200240-7. - Gross, Jan (2003). "Critical Remarks Indeed". Dalam Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press. hlm. 344–370. ISBN 978-0-691-11306-7.
- Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742.
- Holc, Janine P. (Autumn 2002). "Working through Jan Gross's Neighbors". Slavic Review. 61 (3): 454. doi:10.2307/3090294. JSTOR 3090294.
- Holc, Janine P. (Spring 2008). "The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After. By Marek Jan Chodakiewicz". Slavic Review. 67 (1): 202–203. doi:10.2307/27652785. JSTOR 27652785.
- Ignatiew, Radosław J. (9 July 2002). "Press release on final findings of investigation S 1/00/Zn into the killing of Polish citizens of Jewish origin in the town of Jedwabne, on 10 July 1941, i.e. pursuant to Article 1 point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944". Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 October 2002. Also in Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B., ed. (2003). "Findings of Investigation S1/00/Zn into the Murder of Polish Citizens of Jewish Origin in the Town of Jedwabne on 10 July 1941, pursuant to Article 1 Point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944". The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press. hlm. 133–136. ISBN 978-0-691-11306-7.
- Ignatiew, Radosław J. (30 June 2003). "Postanowienie" (PDF). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 November 2012.
- Kaczyński, Andrzej (2003). "'Burnt Offering', Rzcezpospolita, 5 May 2000". Dalam Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. hlm. 50–59. ISBN 0-691-11306-8.
- Kitchen, Martin (1990). A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-03408-2.
- Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2019). A Concise History of Poland (edisi ke-Third). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42436-3.
- Machcewicz, Paweł; Persak, Krzysztof, ed. (2002). Wokół Jedwabnego. 1: Studia; 2: Dokumenty. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. ISBN 978-8389078087. OCLC 470327322.
- Matthäus, Jürgen (2004). "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941". Dalam Browning, Christopher. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. hlm. 244–308. ISBN 978-0803259799.
- Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 296–306. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793.
- Michlic, Joanna B. (2002). "Coming to Terms with the 'Dark Past': The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre". Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Jerusalem.
- Michlic, Joanna B.; Polonsky, Antony (January 2008). "Letter to the Editor". History. 93 (309): 154–158. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.2008.00415.x.
- Michlic, Joanna (2012). "The Jedwabne Debate: Reshaping Polish National Mythology". Dalam Wistrich, Robert. Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. hlm. 67–84. ISBN 978-3-11-028814-8.
- Musial, Bogdan (2003). "The Pogrom in Jedwabne: Critical Remarks about Jan T. Gross's Neighbors". Dalam Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. hlm. 304–343. ISBN 0-691-11306-8.
- Nowak-Jezioranski, Jan (2003). "A Need for Compensation". Dalam Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. hlm. 87–92. ISBN 0-691-11306-8.
- Persak, Krzysztof (August 2011). "Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974". East European Politics and Societies. 25 (3): 410–432. doi:10.1177/0888325411398915.
- Polak, Joseph A. (Winter 2001). "Exhuming Their Neighbors: A Halakhic Inquiry". Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought. 35 (4): 23–43. JSTOR 23262406.
- Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B., ed. (2003). The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11306-8.
- Polonsky, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B., ed. (2003). "Chronology". The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. hlm. 451–458. ISBN 0-691-11306-8.
- Rosenblatt, Adam (2015). Digging for the Disappeared: Forensic Science after Atrocity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8877-9.
- Rosenfeld, Alvin (2002). "Facing Jedwabne". American Jewish Committee. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 May 2012.
- Rossino, Alexander B. (2003). "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa". Dalam Steinlauf, Michael; Polonsky, Antony. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry. 16. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. hlm. 450–471. ISBN 978-1874774747. OCLC 936831526.
- Shafir, Michael (2012). "Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe". Dalam Wistrich, Robert. Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. hlm. 27–66. ISBN 978-3-11-028814-8.
- Shore, Marci (2005). "Conversing with Ghosts: Jedwabne, Zydokomuna, and Totalitarianism". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 6 (2): 345–374. doi:10.1353/kri.2005.0027.
- Stachura, Peter (April 2007). "Review: The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941: Before, During, and After". History. 92 (306): 276–277. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.394_31.x.
- Stachura, Peter (6 February 2008). "Jedwabne: A reply to Antony Polonsky & Joanna Michlic" (PDF). Glaukopis. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 May 2017.
- Stokarska, Jadwiga (23 April 2008). "90. posiedzenie Senatu RP [90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland]". The Senate of the Republic of Poland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 October 2014.
- Stola, Dariusz (Spring 2003). "Jedwabne: Revisiting the Evidence and Nature of the Crime". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 17 (1): 139–152. doi:10.1093/hgs/17.1.139. SSRN 2831412
. - Stone, Dan (2010). Histories of the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956679-2.
- Tec, Nechama (1993). Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509390-2.
- Wasersztajn, Szmul (5 April 1945). "Deposition". Warsaw: Jewish Historical Institute. "Witness Szmul Wasersztajn, written down by E. Sztejman; chairman of the Voivodeship Jewish Historical Commission, M. Turek; freely translated from the Yiddish language by M. Kwater." Collection no. 301 ("Individual Depositions"), document no. 152 (301/152).
- Wolentarska-Ochman, Ewa (2006). "Collective Remembrance in Jedwabne: Unsettled Memory of World War II in Postcommunist Poland". History and Memory. 18 (1): 152–178. doi:10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152. JSTOR 10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152.
- Wróbel, Piotr (2006a). "Polish-Jewish Relations and Neighbors by Jan T. Gross: Politics, Public Opinion and Historical Methodology". Dalam Hayes, Peter; Herzog, Dagmar. Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in International Perspective, Volume VII. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. hlm. 387–399. ISBN 0-8101-2370-3.
- Wróbel, Piotr (2006b). "The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, and After". The Sarmatian Review. 26 (3): 1238–1241.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Darewicz, Krzysztof (10 March 2001). "We Trusted Each Other: Jedwabne Rabbi Jacob Baker". Trans. Peter K. Gessner. Rzeczpospolita.
- Gross, Jan T. (2000). Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka (dalam bahasa Polski). Sejny: Pogranicze. ISBN 978-83-86872-13-8.
- Gross, Jan T. (2003). Wokół Sąsiadów. Polemiki i wyjaśnienia (dalam bahasa Polski). Sejny: Pogranicze. ISBN 978-83-86872-48-0.
- Gross, Jan T. (Autumn 2002). "A Response". Slavic Review. 61 (3): 483–489. doi:10.2307/3090298. JSTOR 3090298.
- Grünberg, Slawomir (2005). The Legacy of Jedwabne. Spencer, New York: LogTV (documentary).
- Materski, Wojciech; Szarota, Tomasz (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945: Casualties and the Victims of Repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet Occupations] (dalam bahasa Polski). Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6.
Pranala luar
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