Program tenaga nuklir tiga tahap India
Program tenaga nuklir tiga tahap India diformulasikan olejh Homi Bhabha pada 1950an untuk mengamankan energi bebas jangka panjang negara tersebut, melalui penggunaan cadangan uranium dan torium yang ditemukan di pasir monasit wilayah pesisir India Selatan. Fokus utama dari program tersebut adalah memungkinkan cadangan torium India untuk digunakan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan energi negara tersebut.[1][2] Torium sangat menarik bagi India, karena hanya memiliki 1–2% dari cadangan uranium global, tetapi salah satu bagian terbesar dari cadangan torium global sekitar 25% dari cadangan torium dunia yang diketahui.[3][4][5][6]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Majumdar 1999.
- ^ Press Information Bureau 2011.
- ^ Bucher 2009, hlm. 1.
- ^ Gordon 2008, hlm. 3.
- ^ Jayaram, hlm. 1, 16–17.
- ^ Ferguson 2007, hlm. 135.
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]Buku-buku
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ferguson, Charles D. (2007), "Assessing the Vulnerability of the Indian Civil Nuclear Programme to Military and Terrorist Attack", dalam Henry D. Sokolski, Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation, Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute, ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9
- Woddi, Taraknath V.K.; Charlton, William S.; Nelson, Paul (2009), India's nuclear fuel cycle: Unraveling the impact of the US–India nuclear accord, Synthesis Lectures on Nuclear Technology and Society, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59829-984-7
- Venkataraman, Ganesan (1994), Bhabha and His Magnificent Obsessions, Universities Press (India) Ltd., ISBN 978-81-7371-007-0
- Iyengar, P.K.; Prasad, A.N.; Gopalakrishnan, A.; Karnad, Bharat (2009), Strategic Sell-Out: Indian–US Nuclear Deal, Pentagon Press, ISBN 978-81-8274-432-5
- Ramana, M.V. (2007), "Nuclear Power in India: Failed Past, Dubious Future", dalam Henry D. Sokolski, Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation, Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute, ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9
- Diwan, Parag; Sarkar, A.N. (2009), "Energy Security", Volume 5, Pentagon Press, ISBN 978-81-8274-352-6
- Krivit, Steven; Lehr, Jay H.; Kingery, Thomas B. (2011), Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology and Applications, Wiley Series on Energy, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-89439-2
- Noronha, Ligia (2009), Ligia Noronha; Anant Sudarshan, ed., India's Energy Politics, Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-88436-2
- Stephenson, John; Tynan, Peter (2007), "Will the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative Light India?", dalam Henry D. Sokolski, Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation, Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute, ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9
- Rai, Ajai K. (2009), India's Nuclear Diplomacy After Pokhran II, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-81-317-2668-6
- Raven, Peter H.; Hassenzahl, David M.; Berg, Linda R. (2012), Environment (edisi ke-8), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0470-94570-4
- MacKay, David J.C. (2009), Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air, UIT Cambridge Ltd., diakses tanggal 22 March 2012
Pemberitahuan resmi pemerintah
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Availability of Thorium, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 10 August 2011, diakses tanggal 21 March 2012
- Thorium Based NPP (PDF), Department of Atomic Energy, 21 March 2012, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- FAQs on the India–US Agreement for Co-operation concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, diakses tanggal 26 March 2012
- Second Stage Development of Atomic Energy (PDF), Department of Atomic Energy, 19 August 2010, diakses tanggal 14 April 2012[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Right to Reprocess Nuclear Fuel (PDF), Department of Atomic Energy, 19 August 2010, diakses tanggal 14 April 2012[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Burns, Nicholas (2 November 2005), "Hearing on U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative" (PDF), Remarks as Prepared for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, U.S. Department of State, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-03-05, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
Kajian, makalah dan laporan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Tellis, Ashley J. (2006), Atoms for War? U.S.–Indian Civil Nuclear Cooperation and India's Nuclear Arsenal (PDF), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, diakses tanggal 7 April 2012
- Majumdar, S. (1999), "Experience of thorium fuel development in India", BARC, Vienna: IAEA, diakses tanggal 4 March 2012
- Bucher, R.G. (January 2009), India's Baseline Plan for Nuclear Energy self-sufficiency stage (PDF), Argonne National Laboratory, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-12-27, diakses tanggal 26 March 2012
- Gordon, Sandy (September 2008), "Implications of the Sale of Australian Uranium to India" (PDF), Working Paper No. 410, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-18, diakses tanggal 27 March 2012
- Jayaram, K.M.V., An Overview of World Thorium Resources, Incentives for Further Exploration and Forecasts for Thorium Requirements in the Near Future (PDF), Hyderabad: IAEA, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 28 June 2011, diakses tanggal 26 March 2012
- Banerjee, Srikumar (September 2010), Thorium Utilisation for Sustainable Supply of Nuclear Energy (PDF), Virginia Tech, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- Jain, S.K., Nuclear Power – An alternative (PDF), NPCIL, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 3 September 2013, diakses tanggal 4 March 2012
- Rethinaraj, T.S. Gopi (5 June 2006), U.S.–India Nuclear Deal (PDF), Washington D.C.: Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, diakses tanggal 8 April 2012
- Kademani, B.S. (12 September 2006), World literature on thorium research: A scientometric study based on Science Citation Index, Scientometrics, diakses tanggal 13 April 2012[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Gadekar, Surendra (6 August 2008), India's nuclear fuel shortage, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, diakses tanggal 23 April 2012
- Sethi, Manpreet, The Nuclear Energy Imperative (PDF), IDFC, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-02-14, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- Tongia, Rahul; Arunachalam, V.S. (15 December 1997), "India's Nuclear Breeders: Technology, Viability and Options", 75(6), Pittsburgh: Current Science, hlm. 549–558, diarsipkan dari versi asli (pdf) tanggal 2017-06-28, diakses tanggal 9 April 2012
- Nuclear Power in India, World Nuclear Association, March 2012, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-09-18, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- Kerr, Paul K. (11 December 2011), U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress (PDF), Congressional Research Service, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
- Mian, Zia; Nayyar, A.H.; Rajaraman, R.; Ramana, M.V. (September 2006), Fissile Materials in South Asia: The Implications of the U.S.–India Nuclear Deal (PDF), International Panel on Fissile Materials, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-01-12, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
- R Kalidas (2007), "Indo–US Nuclear Deal", vol. II, issue 1, The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
- Puri, Raman (2007), "Indo–US Nuclear Deal: The Technology Dimension", vol. II, issue 4, The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
- Gupta, Arvind (May 2011), "India's Nuclear Energy Programme: Prospects and Challenges", vol 35, issue 3, Strategic Analysis, 35 (3), hlm. 373–380, doi:10.1080/09700161.2011.559963
- Harvey, Cole J. (5 May 2010), "The U.S.–India Reprocessing Agreement and Its Implications", James Martin Centre for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative, diakses tanggal 27 March 2012
- Vishwakarma, Arun S. (January–March 2009), "Way to a Credible Deterrent", Vol 24.1, Indian Defence Review, diakses tanggal 27 March 2012
- Hargraves, Robert, Aim High (PDF), Thorium Energy Alliance, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-10-29, diakses tanggal 29 April 2012
- Rhodes, Prof. Chris (26 February 2012), The Thorium Age Waits in the Wings, Energy Balance Blog, diakses tanggal 1 March 2012
- Sorensen, Kirk (25 July 2007), Thorium-based Nuclear Power: The Road to Green, Sustainable Nuclear Power (PDF), NASA, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 18 October 2011, diakses tanggal 1 March 2012
- Hore-Lacy, Ian (6 December 2009), Thorium, The Encyclopedia of Earth, diakses tanggal 20 March 2012
Artikel berita
[sunting | sunting sumber]- "India leading research on Thorium: US official", PTI, Economic Times, 20 May 2010, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- A future energy giant? India's thorium-based nuclear plans, Physorg.com, 1 October 2010, diakses tanggal 4 March 2012
- India's thorium success, Financial Express, 13 May 2008, diakses tanggal 4 March 2012
- McHugh, Liam, India Seeks Energy Security from Thorium, Australia: Future Directions International, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-26, diakses tanggal 4 March 2012
- Fin, Al (1 July 2011), A Brief Overview of Thorium Energy, oilprice.com, diakses tanggal 20 March 2012
- Patel, Sonal (1 November 2009), India Designs Thorium-Fueled Reactor for Export, powermag.com, diakses tanggal 20 March 2012
- Bromby, Robin (16 November 2011), Thorium a safer option, The Australian, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- Rahman, Maseeh (1 November 2011), How Homi Bhabha's vision turned India into a nuclear R&D leader, Mumbai: Guardian, diakses tanggal 1 March 2012
- Bedi, Rahul (19 July 2011), Largest uranium reserves found in India, The Telegraph, diakses tanggal 27 April 2012
- Dharur, Suresh (22 April 2012), AP houses one of world's largest uranium reserves, Hyderabad: The Tribune, diakses tanggal 27 April 2012
- "India's 20th nuclear reactor connected to power grid", PTI, The Times of India, 19 January 2011, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-18, diakses tanggal 25 March 2012
- L&T bags Rs 844 crore order for Kakrapar Atomic Power Station, Mumbai/Ahmedabad: Business Standard, 9 December 2009, diakses tanggal 2 May 2012
- Subramaniam, Kandula (11 June 2008), Now, fuel crunch takes toll on Kalpakkam unit, New Delhi: The Indian Express, diakses tanggal 2 May 2012
- Jayan, T.V. (21 March 2011), Fuelling Fear, The Telegraph, diakses tanggal 2 May 2012
- Construction started for 2 700MW PHWRs at Kakrapar, World Nuclear News, 22 November 2010, diakses tanggal 3 March 2012
- Construction starts on 2 700 MWe PHWRs in Rajasthan, World Nuclear News, 18 July 2011, diakses tanggal 3 March 2012
- Nuclear power plant will be a big boon for Rajasthan, Jaipur: The Hindu, 10 August 2011, diakses tanggal 3 March 2012
- "India's first PFBR to go critical early 2013", IANS, Chennai: ZeeNews, 21 January 2012, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- Srikanth (27 November 2011), 80% of work on fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam over, Kalpakkam: The Hindu, diakses tanggal 2 March 2012
- Jaganathan, Venkatachari (11 May 2011), "India's new fast-breeder on track, nuclear power from September next", TNN, Chennai: Hindustan Times, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 May 2013, diakses tanggal 25 March 2012
- "Development work on 300 MW advanced heavy water reactor at advanced stage", TNN, Chennai: The Times of India, 20 December 2008, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-11, diakses tanggal 26 March 2012
- Subramanian, T.S. (May 2007), "Total self-sufficiency in PHWR programme", Volume 24 – Issue 08, Mumbai: Frontline, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- Bilbao y León, Sama (27 March 2012), Mumbai engages ADS for nuclear energy, Mumbai: Cern Courier, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (6 November 2011), Nuclear power is our gateway to a prosperous future, The Hindu, diakses tanggal 13 April 2012
- "India to begin construction of AHWR", PTI, Chidambaram (TN, India): The Economic Times, 4 January 2007, diakses tanggal 13 April 2012
- "AHWR undergoes design changes to increase safety, security", PTI, Mumbai: OneIndia News, 20 April 2011, diakses tanggal 13 April 2012[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- India designs new version of AHWR for thorium use, Mumbai: ZeeNews, 16 September 2009, diakses tanggal 13 April 2012
- India Turns to Thorium As Future Reactor Fuel, Nuclear Energy Institute, 2012, diakses tanggal 14 April 2012
- Rahman, Maseeh (1 November 2011), India plans 'safer' nuclear plant powered by thorium, Mumbai: Guardian, diakses tanggal 1 March 2012
- "Work on thorium-based reactor to commence soon", PTI, Chennai: Business Line, 21 February 2012, diakses tanggal 21 March 2012
- Kamat, Nandkumar (31 May 2010), "Redefining Energy Security for India", The Navhind Times, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 June 2010, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- Subramanian, T.S. (December 1998), "A debate over breeder reactors", Vol. 15, No. 25, Frontline, diakses tanggal 8 April 2012
- Subramanian, T.S. (25 February 2006), "Indo-US nuke deal will help launch thorium reactors", PTI, The Times of India, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-09-10, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- Subrahmanyam, K. (12 December 2005), India and the nuclear deal, The Times of India, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-03, diakses tanggal 29 March 2012
- Bagla, Pallava (6 February 2006), "US shifting goalpost on n-deal: Atomic Energy chief", PTI, New Delhi: Indian Express Review, diakses tanggal 7 April 2012
- "India eyeing 63,000 MW nuclear power capacity by 2032: NPCIL", PTI, Chennai: The Economic Times, 11 October 2011, diakses tanggal 23 March 2012
- Ramesh, Randeep (29 September 2009), India plans to cut carbon and fuel poverty with untested nuclear power, Delhi: Guardian, diakses tanggal 21 March 2012
- Dikshit, Sandeep (9 March 2010), Revive R&D in thorium, says India, Paris: The Hindu, diakses tanggal 5 April 2012
- Jha, Alok (9 September 2011), UK public confidence in nuclear remains steady despite Fukushima, Guardian, diakses tanggal 21 March 2012
- Clark, Duncan (13 July 2009), Thorium nuclear power, Guardian, diakses tanggal 25 March 2012
- Rodricks, Dan (9 May 2011), Thor's nuclear-powered hammer, The Baltimore Sun, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-21, diakses tanggal 21 March 2012
Sumber primer
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Founder's Day 2007 Address by Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission – Anil Kakodkar, BARC, 2007, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 December 2010, diakses tanggal 11 April 2012
- IEEE Spectrum Q&A With: Sudhinder Thakur
- IEEE Spectrum Diarsipkan 2008-09-15 di Wayback Machine. Q&A: Thorium Reactor Designer Ratan Kumar Sinha
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