Provinsi beku besar

Provinsi beku besar (Large igneous province, LIP) adalah akumulasi batuan beku yang sangat besar, yang mencakup batuan beku intrusif (sill, korok) dan batuan beku ekstrusif (seperti aliran lava dan deposit tefra) yang naik saat magma bergerak melalui kerak ke permukaan. Formasi LIP dihubungkan dengan bulu mantel atau dengan proses-proses yang berhubungan dengan lempeng tektonik divergen.^[1] Formasi beberapa provinsi-provinsi beku besar pada 500 juta tahun terakhir bertepatan waktunya dengan kepunahan massal dan perubahan iklim mendadak, yang mengarah ke beragam hipotesis mengenai hubungan kausal antaranya. LIP secara dasar berbeda dengan gunung berapi aktif atau sistem-sistem vulkanik lainnya di masa kini.

Titik panas LIP

Provinsi	Wilayah	Titik panas	Sumber
Grup Basal Sungai Columbia	AS barat laut	Titik panas Yellowstone	^[2]^[3]
Basal Banjir Etiopia-Yaman	Etiopia, Yaman		^[2]
Provinsi Beku Atlantik Utara	Kanada utara, Greenland, Kepulauan Faroe, Norwegia, Irlandia dan Skotlandia.	Titik panas Islandia	^[2]
Trap Deccan	India	Titik panas Réunion	^[2]
Trap Rajmahal	India Timur	Rabung Ninety East	^[4]^[5]
Dataran tinggi Kerguelen	Samudera Hindia	Titik panas Kerguelen	^[4]
Dataran Tinggi Ontong Java	Samudera Pasifik	Titik panas Louisville	^[2]^[6]
Paraná and Etendeka traps	Brazil–Namibia	Titik panas Tristan	^[2]
Provinsi Karoo-Ferrar	Afrika Selatan, Antarktika, Australia dan Selandia Baru	Pulau Marion	^[2]
Provinsi beku besar Karibia	Dataran tinggi laut Karibia-Kolombia	Titik panas Galápagos	^[7]^[8]
Provinsi beku besar Mackenzie	Busur Kanada	Titik panas Mackenzie	^[9]

Referensi

^ Foulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g M.A. Richards, R.A. Duncan, V.E. Courtillot; Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails; SCIENCE, VOL. 246 (1989) 103–108
^ Nash, Barbara P.; Perkins, Michael E.; Christensen, John N.; Lee, Der-Chuen; Halliday, A.N. (2006). "The Yellowstone hotspot in space and time: Nd and Hf isotopes in silicic magmas". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 247 (1–2): 143–156. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.247..143N. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.030.
^ ^a ^b Weis, D.; et al. (1993). "The Influence of Mantle Plumes in Generation of Indian Oceanic Crust". Synthesis of Results from Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Monograph. Geophysical Monograph Series. 70. hlm. 57–89. Bibcode:1992GMS....70...57W. doi:10.1029/gm070p0057. ISBN 9781118668030.
^ E.V. Verzhbitsky. "Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges." Journal of Geodynamics, Volume 35, Issue 3, April 2003, Pages 289–302
^ Antretter, M.; Riisager, P.; Hall, S.; Zhao, X.; Steinberger, B. (2004). "Modelled palaeolatitudes for the Louisville hot spot and the Ontong Java Plateau". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 229 (1): 21–30. Bibcode:2004GSLSP.229...21A. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.229.01.03.
^ Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques (On the ages of flood basalt events); Vincent E. Courtillot & Paul R. Renne; Comptes Rendus Geoscience; Vol: 335 Issue: 1, January 2003; pp: 113–140
^ Hoernle, Kaj; Hauff, Folkmar; van den Bogaard, Paul (2004). "70 m.y. history (139–69 Ma) for the Caribbean large igneous province". Geology. 32 (8): 697–700. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..697H. doi:10.1130/g20574.1.
^ Ernst, Richard E.; Buchan, Kenneth L. (2001). Mantle plumes: their identification through time. Geological Society of America. hlm. 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 259. ISBN 978-0-8137-2352-5.

[Foulger-1] Foulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.

[Rich-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g M.A. Richards, R.A. Duncan, V.E. Courtillot; Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails; SCIENCE, VOL. 246 (1989) 103–108

[Nash-3] Nash, Barbara P.; Perkins, Michael E.; Christensen, John N.; Lee, Der-Chuen; Halliday, A.N. (2006). "The Yellowstone hotspot in space and time: Nd and Hf isotopes in silicic magmas". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 247 (1–2): 143–156. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.247..143N. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.030.

[Weis-4] Weis, D.; et al. (1993). "The Influence of Mantle Plumes in Generation of Indian Oceanic Crust". Synthesis of Results from Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Monograph. Geophysical Monograph Series. 70. hlm. 57–89. Bibcode:1992GMS....70...57W. doi:10.1029/gm070p0057. ISBN 9781118668030.

[Verz-5] E.V. Verzhbitsky. "Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges." Journal of Geodynamics, Volume 35, Issue 3, April 2003, Pages 289–302

[Antretter-6] Antretter, M.; Riisager, P.; Hall, S.; Zhao, X.; Steinberger, B. (2004). "Modelled palaeolatitudes for the Louisville hot spot and the Ontong Java Plateau". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 229 (1): 21–30. Bibcode:2004GSLSP.229...21A. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.229.01.03.

[7] Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques (On the ages of flood basalt events); Vincent E. Courtillot & Paul R. Renne; Comptes Rendus Geoscience; Vol: 335 Issue: 1, January 2003; pp: 113–140

[8] Hoernle, Kaj; Hauff, Folkmar; van den Bogaard, Paul (2004). "70 m.y. history (139–69 Ma) for the Caribbean large igneous province". Geology. 32 (8): 697–700. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..697H. doi:10.1130/g20574.1.

[9] Ernst, Richard E.; Buchan, Kenneth L. (2001). Mantle plumes: their identification through time. Geological Society of America. hlm. 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 259. ISBN 978-0-8137-2352-5.

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