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Sekretaris Presiden Amerika Serikat

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Abraham Lincoln dan para sekretarisnya, John G. Nicolay dan John Hay difoto oleh Alexander Gardner pada tanggal 8 November 1863 di Washington, D.C.

Sekretaris Presiden merupakan jabatan lama dalam pemerintahan Amerika Serikat, yang dikenal dengan banyak gelar berbeda sepanjang sejarahnya.

Pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, ini adalah jabatan Gedung Putih yang melaksanakan semua tugas yang sekarang tersebar di seluruh Kantor Gedung Putih. Sekretaris akan bertindak sebagai penyangga antara presiden dan masyarakat, mengurusi jadwal dan janji temu presiden, mengurus korespondensi presiden, mengelola staf, berkomunikasi dengan pers serta menjadi pembantu dekat dan penasihat presiden dengan cara yang sering kali memerlukan keterampilan dan kebijaksanaan besar. Dalam hal pangkat, jabatan ini merupakan pendahulu bagi Kepala Staf Gedung Putih yang modern hingga pembentukan jabatan tersebut pada tahun 1946.

Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, jabatan tersebut dikenal sebagai "sekretaris janji temu", orang yang menjaga waktu presiden. Ia memiliki tanggung jawab untuk bertindak sebagai 'penjaga gerbang' dan memutuskan siapa yang bisa bertemu dengan presiden.

Jabatan sekretaris presiden yang modern diisi oleh seorang asisten administratif atau asisten pribadi di departemen Operasi Kantor Oval Kantor Gedung Putih yang memiliki meja kerja langsung di luar Kantor Oval.

Daftar sekretaris presiden

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Sekretaris Pribadi

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1789–1793
1794–1797
Tobias Lear[a] George Washington
1789–1791
May. William Jackson[b]
1797–1801
William Smith Shaw John Adams
1801–1803
Kapt. Meriwether Lewis Thomas Jefferson
1803–1804 Lewis Harvie
1804–1805
William A. Burwell
1805–1809
Isaac Coles
1810–1815
Edward Coles James Madison
1816–1817 James Payne Todd
1817–1820 Joseph Jones Monroe James Monroe
1820–1825 Samuel L. Gouverneur
1825–1829
John Adams II John Quincy Adams
1829–1831
Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson
1831
Nicholas Trist
1831–1837
Andrew Jackson Donelson
1837–1841
Abraham Van Buren II Martin Van Buren
1841 Henry Huntington Harrison William Henry Harrison
1841–1845
John Tyler Jr. John Tyler
1845–1849 Joseph Knox Walker[c] James K. Polk
1849–1850
Kapt. William Wallace Smith Bliss Zachary Taylor
1850–1853
Millard Powers Fillmore Millard Fillmore
1853–1857 Sidney Webster Franklin Pierce
  1. ^ Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
    Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik.
  2. ^ As aide-de-camp.
  3. ^ His wife Sarah Childress Polk, it is said, too was his personal secretary.

Sekretaris Pribadi Gedung Putih

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1857–1859
James Buchanan Henry James Buchanan
1859–1861 James Buchanan II
1861–1865
John G. Nicolay Abraham Lincoln
1861–1865
May. John Hay[a]
1865 Kol. William A. Browning Andrew Johnson
1865 Kol. Reuben D. Mussey Jr.[a]
1865–1869
Brig. Jend. Robert Johnson[b]
1867 Edmund Cooper
1866–1869 Kol. William G. Moore[a]
1869–1873
Robert M. Douglas[c] Ulysses S. Grant
1869–1872
Kol. Horace Porter[a]
1869–1873
Brig. Jend. Frederick Tracy Dent[a]
1869–1876
Kol. Orville E. Babcock[a]
1873–1876 Kol. Levi P. Luckey[c]
1876–1877
Ulysses S. Grant Jr.[c]
1877–1881
Webb C. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes
1881
Joseph Stanley Brown James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885 Fred J. Phillips
1885–1889
Col. Daniel Scott Lamont Grover Cleveland
1889–1893
May. Elijah W. Halford Benjamin Harrison
1893–1896 Henry T. Thurber Grover Cleveland
  1. ^ a b c d e f As Military Secretary.
  2. ^ "Bob," as he was called, was an alcoholic and was in asylums for treatment during several periods of his father's presidency.[1]
  3. ^ a b c Grant was closer to his military secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the Private Secretary.

Sekretaris Presiden

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1897–1900
John Addison Porter William McKinley
1900–1903
George B. Cortelyou
Theodore Roosevelt
1903–1909
William Loeb Jr.
1909–1910
Fred W. Carpenter William Howard Taft
1910–1911
Charles D. Norton
1911–1912
Charles D. Hilles
1912
Carmi Thompson
1913–1921
Joseph Tumulty Woodrow Wilson
1921–1923
George B. Christian Jr. Warren G. Harding
1923–1925
C. Bascom Slemp Calvin Coolidge
1925–1929
Everett Sanders
1929–1933
Walter H. Newton Herbert Hoover
1933–1936
Kol. Louis McHenry Howe Franklin D. Roosevelt
1937–1938
James Roosevelt
1941–1943
Kol. Marvin H. McIntyre[a]
1944–1952 William D. Hassett[a]
Harry S. Truman
1952–1953 Beth Campbell Short[a]
  1. ^ a b c As "Correspondence Secretary to the President"

Sekretaris Janji Temu

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1929–1931
George E. Akerson[a] Herbert Hoover
1931–1933
Ted Joslin[a]
1933–1938
Marvin H. McIntyre[b] Franklin D. Roosevelt
1938–1945
Edwin "Pa" Watson
1945–1953
Matthew J. Connelly
Harry S. Truman
1953 Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.
On leave 		Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1955 Thomas Stephens
Acting during Vandenberg's term
1955–1957 Bernard M. Shanley
1957–1958
Bob Gray
1958–1961 Thomas Stephens
1961–1963
Kenneth O'Donnell[c] John F. Kennedy
1963–1965
Jack Valenti[c] Lyndon B. Johnson
1965–1968
W. Marvin Watson[c]
1968–1969
James R. Jones[c]
1969–1973
Dwight Chapin Richard Nixon
1973–1974 Stephen B. Bull[2]
1974–1977
Warren S. Rustand Gerald Ford
1977–1978
Timothy Kraft Jimmy Carter
1978–1981 Phil J. Wise
  1. ^ a b As Appointments and Press Secretary.
  2. ^ Before 1937 the title was only "Assistant Secretary to Appointments".
  3. ^ a b c d De facto White House Chief of Staff.

Sekretaris pribadi presiden

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1933–1941 Missy LeHand Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941–1945 Grace Tully
1945–1953 Rose Conway Harry S. Truman
1953–1961 Ann C. Whitman Dwight D. Eisenhower
1961–1963 Evelyn Lincoln John F. Kennedy
1963–1969 Gerri Whittington Lyndon B. Johnson
1969–1974 Rose Mary Woods Richard Nixon
1974–1977 Dorothy E. Downton Gerald Ford
1977–1981 Susan Clough Jimmy Carter
1981–1989 Kathleen Osborne Ronald Reagan
1989–1993 Linda Casey George H. W. Bush
1993–2001 Betty Currie Bill Clinton
2001–2005 Ashley Estes Kavanaugh George W. Bush
2005–2009 Karen E. Keller
2009–2011 Katie Johnson Barack Obama
2011–2014 Anita Decker Breckenridge
2014–2017 Ferial Govashiri
2017–2019 Madeleine Westerhout Donald Trump
2019–2021 Molly Michael[3][4]
2021–2022 Ashley Williams[a][5] Joe Biden
2022–2024 Julia Reed[b][6]
2024–present Drew Rodriguez[b]
  1. ^ As Deputy Director of Oval Office Operations
  2. ^ a b As Confidential Aide to the President

Referensi

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  1. ^ Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son". Journal of East Tennessee History. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society. 73: 1–22. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 760067571. 
  2. ^ "Stephen B. Bull (White House Special Files: Staff Member and Office Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library". www.nixonlibrary.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-13. 
  3. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2019-06-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
  4. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2020-06-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
  5. ^ Kumar, Anita (3 February 2021). "In Biden's White House, surprise visits with staff replace late-night tweets". POLITICO (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 5 February 2021. 
  6. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2023-06-30. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2023-06-30. 

Daftar pustaka

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