Terapi konversi

Terapi konversi adalah praktik pseudosaintifik yang mencoba mengubah orientasi seksual, identitas gender, atau ekspresi gender seseorang agar sesuai dengan norma heteroseksual dan cisgender.^[1] Tidak seperti kedokteran berbasis bukti dan panduan klinis, praktik semacam itu biasanya memandang homoseksualitas dan perbedaan gender sebagai hal yang tidak wajar atau tidak sehat. Ada konsensus ilmiah bahwa terapi konversi tidak efektif untuk mengubah orientasi seksual atau identitas gender seseorang dan sering kali menyebabkan kerusakan psikologis jangka panjang yang signifikan pada individu yang menjalaninya.^[2]

Metode umum terapi konversi adalah konseling, visualisasi, pelatihan keterampilan sosial, terapi psikoanalitik, dan intervensi spiritual. Metode lain yang telah digunakan termasuk lobotomi tusuk es;^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] pengebirian kimiawi dengan perawatan hormonal;^[8] terapi aversi, seperti "penerapan sengatan listrik ke tangan dan/atau alat kelamin"; "obat penginduksi mual ... diberikan ... dengan presentasi rangsangan homoerotik", rekondisi masturbasi atau hipnosis.

Semakin banyak yurisdiksi di seluruh dunia telah mengeluarkan peraturan yang menentang terapi konversi.^[9] Terapi konversi dapat dianggap sebagai penipuan dan telah dideskripsikan oleh para ahli sebagai penyiksaan, perlakuan kejam, tidak manusiawi, atau merendahkan martabat, dan bertentangan dengan norma-norma hak asasi manusia.

Referensi

^ "Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth" (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. October 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2021. Efforts to change an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression through behavioral health or medical interventions. Any effort with an a priori goal of a gender expression that aligns with stereotypical norms, cisgender identity, and/or heterosexual orientation, identity, and sexual behaviors.
^ Higbee, Madison; Wright, Eric R.; Roemerman, Ryan M. (2022). "Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors". Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (4): 612–631. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1840213. PMID 33206024 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan).
^ Cruz, David B. (1999). "Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law" (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 72 (5): 1297–400. PMID 12731502. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 September 2017. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.
^ Yoshino 2002
^ Burr, Chandler (June 1997). "Homosexuality and Biology". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.
^ Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). "Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual "Deviants" in West Germany". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 8 (6): 523–527. doi:10.1007/bf01541419. PMID 391177.
^ Dieckmann, G.; Horn, H.J.; Schneider, H. (1979). Hitchcock, E.R.; Ballantine, H.T.; Meyerson, B.A., ed. "Long-term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences". Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery: 187–195.
^ Milar, Katherine S. (February 2011). "The myth buster". Monitor on Psychology. 42 (2): 24. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.
^ Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471 . PMID 27754500.

Bibliografi

Bright, Chuck (December 2004), "Deconstructing Reparative Therapy: An Examination of the Processes Involved When Attempting to Change Sexual Orientation", Clinical Social Work Journal, 32 (4): 471–481, doi:10.1007/s10615-004-0543-2
Cruz, David B. (1999), "Controlling desires: Sexual orientation conversion and the limits of knowledge and law" (PDF), Southern California Law Review, 72 (5): 1297–400, PMID 12731502, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 September 2017, diakses tanggal 20 May 2015
Drescher, Jack (June 1998a), "I'm Your Handyman: A History of Reparative Therapies", Journal of Homosexuality, 36 (1): 19–42, doi:10.1300/J082v36n01_02, PMID 9670099
Drescher, Jack (2001), "Ethical Concerns Raised When Patients Seek to Change Same-Sex Attractions", Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5 (3/4): 183, doi:10.1300/j236v05n03_11
Drescher, Jack; Zucker, Kenneth, ed. (2006), Ex-Gay Research: Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science, Religion, Politics, and Culture, New York: Harrington Park Press, ISBN 978-1-56023-557-6
Drescher, Jack (1998b), "Psychoanalytic Therapy and the Gay Man", American Journal of Psychoanalysis, Hillsdale, New Jersey: The Analytic Press, 60 (2): 191–6, doi:10.1023/a:1001968909523, ISBN 978-0-88163-208-8, PMID 10874429
Haldeman, Douglas C. (1991), "Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination" (PDF), dalam Gonsiorek, John; Weinrich, James, Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, Inc, ISBN 978-0-8039-3764-2, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 February 2018, diakses tanggal 30 May 2010
Waidzunas, Tom (2016), The Straight Line: How the Fringe Science of Ex-Gay Therapy Reoriented Sexuality, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 9780816696154
Weindling, Paul (2015). Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust (dalam bahasa Inggris). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-7990-6.
Whisnant, Clayton J. (2016). Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-939594-10-5.
Yoshino, Kenji (2002), "Covering", Yale Law Journal, 111 (4): 769–939, doi:10.2307/797566, JSTOR 797566

Bacaan lanjutan

Haldeman, Douglas C. (2021). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts: Evidence, Effects, and Ethics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-939594-36-5.
Haldeman, Douglas C. (2022). The Case Against Conversion Therapy: Evidence, Ethics, and Alternatives (dalam bahasa Inggris). American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-4338-3711-1.

[1] "Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth" (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. October 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2021. Efforts to change an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression through behavioral health or medical interventions. Any effort with an a priori goal of a gender expression that aligns with stereotypical norms, cisgender identity, and/or heterosexual orientation, identity, and sexual behaviors.

[:0-2] Higbee, Madison; Wright, Eric R.; Roemerman, Ryan M. (2022). "Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors". Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (4): 612–631. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1840213. PMID 33206024 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan).

[Cruz-3] Cruz, David B. (1999). "Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law" (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 72 (5): 1297–400. PMID 12731502. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 19 September 2017. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.

[Yoshino-4] Yoshino 2002

[Homosexuality_and_Biology-5] Burr, Chandler (June 1997). "Homosexuality and Biology". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.

[6] Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). "Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual "Deviants" in West Germany". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 8 (6): 523–527. doi:10.1007/bf01541419. PMID 391177.

[7] Dieckmann, G.; Horn, H.J.; Schneider, H. (1979). Hitchcock, E.R.; Ballantine, H.T.; Meyerson, B.A., ed. "Long-term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences". Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery: 187–195.

[APA-myth-8] Milar, Katherine S. (February 2011). "The myth buster". Monitor on Psychology. 42 (2): 24. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2016.

[Drescher-9] Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471 . PMID 27754500.

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